To establish positive and productive relationships

Arredondo Positive and productive relationships with families establish a strong connection for the benefit of nurturing and educating the children entrusted to my care. I know how important it is for the parents to know about their child's day, upcoming school events, and progress in all areas of the children's learning and development. I know that consistent communication is the key to a trusted partnership with parents. Having a clear understanding up front of what we can expect from each other helps us establish common goals for the benefit of the children.It is an important foundation for creating the very best early childhood experience for the parents and children. Daily communication between parents, teachers and school management is an essential component to my partnership. The parents will receive additional information on a weekly and monthly basis in a variety of formats including welcome letters, weekly and monthly newsletters, ongoing assessment communication, and paren t teacher conferences. Multiple forms of communication foster the connection between home and school to build relationships and create continuity of xperiences, which increase a child's sense of security and well being.I also provide my parents with helpful parent resources related to children's learning and development. Many items and links are classroom or age group specific, including book suggestions, home fun activities and additional online resources. In order to keep up with what's going on in the children's lives after they leave my care, I maintain a close personal relationship with the parents. To do this I must be attentive and trustworthy. I talk to the parents about the child's behavior at home as ell as at school.If there needs to be any adjustments including discipline I immediately talk to the parents about what we should decide on next. We discuss a plan that will work for home and at school so the child knows it's the same consequence in both environments. If ever I am not physically at work on a day a parent has a special request I leave a parent/ teacher log for them to fill out and leave. I was very eager to receive the questionnaires back from my parent's. I have quickly learned how much respect I have received from my families.I was thrilled to find that I meet, and in some cases over exceed expectations of the parents. Reading some of the parent's answers it's established that I have positive, responsive and cooperative relationships with their children and all members of their families. This was definitely one question all the parents seemed to agree on. In conclusion to this essay this has confirmed all my beliefs about my classroom and I. I will continue to grow professionally through out my years of teaching and look forward to many more

Muscles

Muscles, skeleton and skin give the body shape and form. But it’s the muscle tissues that clearly give the features and shape of the human body. Much effort is given to muscles that it has even become a large global industry just to maintain it. Among the specialized tissues in the body, the muscle tissue is highly specialized. Muscle tissues have contracting abilities and conducting abilities. Muscles are found to carry out electrical impulses. Voluntary muscles are differentiated from involuntary muscles. In terms of structure, muscles can either be striated or smooth. Muscles are commonly known as smooth, skeletal and cardiac. Different organs use different kinds of muscles. Small intestines have smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are neat and form parallel lines. Intestine muscles are involuntary muscles. They contract without conscious thought. These muscles fit the intestines because digestion is not an act of will. Whether you like it or not, intestines will move according to the contents of your stomach either when they are full or empty. The uterus also has smooth muscles. Other organs such as the bladder, blood vessels and other internal organs also have involuntary muscles. Skeletal muscles are confused to be fibres of connective tissues. Skeletal muscles are not of connective tissues because these muscles are not extracellular elements. These muscles describe the individual skeletal muscle cells. These tissues are fibres that are thin and very long. They almost look like threads like the one we see in clothing. Under the microscope, these cells are cylindrical and unbranched. The nuclei of these tissues are neatly arranged that goes around the periphery of the cell. This neat and orderly arrangement is made up of actin and myosin filaments found inside the muscle cell. Skeletal muscle cells that are arranged and form large bundles are called fascicles. These bundles are enveloped with thin layers of connective. Continuous arrangements of these fascicles become parts of a particular muscle organ, for example biceps. Cardiac muscles are almost an integration of smooth muscles and skeletal muscles. These muscle tissues make up the wall of the heart. They are striated and multinucleate like skeletal muscles however, they also seem to be smooth because their nuclei are located at the center and that a lot of cells are required to occupy the length of the muscle. â€Å"It differs from both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle in that its cells branch and are joined to one another via intercalated discs. Intercalated discs allow communication between the cells such that there is a sequential contraction of the cells from the bottom of the ventricle to the top, facilitating maximal ejection of blood from the ventricle during contraction. This occurs with out nervous innervation to each cell or group of cells. Cardiac muscle also differs from the other two muscle types in that contraction can occur even without an initial nervous input. The cells that produce the stimulation for contraction without nervous input are called the pacemaker cells.† (Ackerley, 2006) These three types of muscles help the body more than make it look good. There are many important benefits from proper maintenance of muscle tissues. The muscle is fit when one is strong, has endurance, is flexible and can carry out everyday tasks without injury. Keeping the muscle fit will also keep the organs fit. Programs such as weight lifting or weight bearing help the muscle build endurance and flexibility. One need not be a weight lifter to have properly maintained muscles. Weak muscles are cause of lower back and posture-related diseases that can lead to painful problems. If the muscles are healthy, it will help the skeletons to cope up with stressful activities of the body. Both voluntary and involuntary muscles are important to keep the body balanced. Massaging muscle tissues are almost the basic human instinct that is first aid to muscle pains. Massaging the muscles specially the ones that are in pain or are with disease is a way to increase body chemical flow in and out of the muscles. Given that muscles are smooth, skeletal or cardiac, massaging the muscles will help the muscle tissues from stagnating and being rigid. References: Ackerley, Sandra K. 2006. Muscles. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved April 1, 2006    Bourne, GH. 1960. The Structure and Function of Muscle. Academic Press      

Advertising and Its Drivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertising and Its Drivers - Essay Example So exactly what is an advertisement or what can we understand by the term advertisement. Their have been different views regarding the concept of advertisement. According to John Burnett, "Advertisement is a non-personal communication of marketing related information to a target audience, usually paid by the advertiser and delivered through mass media in order to reach specific objective of sponsor". However according to the critic of advertising, Judith Williamson (1978, p.57) states that it's "the most ubiquitous form in which we encounter commercial photography" which means advertising is the 'official art' of the advanced industrial nation of the west. (Hackley, 2005)It occupies the newspapers and is covered all over with urban environment, it is highly systematize organization involving many artist, writer and film directors, and consist of a large amount of output of the mass media. Advertisements promote and affect the idea and value which are crucial to a particular economy s ystem. Thus a good advertisement is that, which we should not lose interest in their ideological functions, which is connected to their economic functions (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Another definition by (Longman, 1971) 'Advertising attempts to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication'. Therefore in its simple sense the word 'advertising' means capturing the attention to something or telling or advising somebody of something. (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Thus advertising can be seen as a medium for communicating or providing knowledge to the customers from a recognized authority or person. This range of activities also qualifies as marketing communication or marcoms. KEY DRIVERS OF MARCOMS ACTIVITIES Perception: Creating Shopping Power When something has been perceived, then it has been noted and the message is recorded. In the words of psychologist, W. H. Ittelson and F. T. Kilpatrick, perception can't be definite, of 'what is'. Rather what we perceive is created by ourselves, which is mostly based on past experiences (Bogart, 1995). Also people's perceptions of brand are governed by some factors which are personal and public (Fletcher, 1999 p.163). It is one of important challenges for an advertiser trying to reach the customers, either by any form of mass communication like newspaper, or television ad so that they could notice it. Even sometimes the consumer miss out some messages directed to them. So the main thing is to give them exposure. (Wells, Burnett and Moriarty1992, p. 241). For example if all the ads are in colors then a black and white will be noticed, which is what Chanel did with their Nicole Kidman glossy ad for Chanel Perfume which would be place at the back cover of magazines like Cosmopolitan so as to give covert instead of ostensive communication. So by this the customers attention can be taken. (Hackley, 2005) This can be seen in the use of a ground breaking issue to position an advertisement. An example of this may be found in the 'Torches of Liberty Contingent' campaign aimed at expanding cigarette sales manifold by encouraging women to smoke. This campaign was launched and executed by Bernays in 1929. He was inspired by Sigmund Freud's view that actions are crystallised by the subconscious motivations. Another line of thought that he followed was based on the theory of psychoanalyst Brill, who held that women equated smoking as an expression of their freedom. Bernays campaign prompted women to start smoking during the Easter Day parade of 1929. While this enjoyed mixed reactions and extensive media reactions, the combination of liberation and democracy - both of which were emerging trends of the time - helped Barnays earn a place in history besides

Finance Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance Questions - Essay Example Enron established several limited liability special purpose entities which kept inflating its stock price untill the scandal was discovered. Similarly, Satyam, an Indian IT firm was found guilty of forging account books by creating fictitious assets in a sister company. 3. The concept of time value of money can be used to calculate the monthly installment to be paid for a mortgage for a given time period. Similarly, if a person can’t pay more than a certain amount per month, the number of years of payment of mortgage can be calculated using the time value of money. 4. The primary risk for investment in bonds in interest rates. Hence, in a rising interest rate scenario, bonds will give lower returns. Higher inflation also makes bonds less attractive. Other risks associated with bonds are default risk of the issuer, lack of liquidity in the market and provision of call back (Hofman, 2010). 5. Zero coupon bonds pay the entire interest at maturity unlike other bonds and generally give maximum yields. High net worth investors looking for long term investments generally invest in these bonds. Banks and big corporations are interested in these bonds. 6. Risk is incorporated in capital budgeting by either by using a higher discount rate or by requiring a higher annual return on the project. Systemic and unsystemic risks are included by using Beta and standard deviation of the returns. Hofman, Julian. 2010. Bond risks and rewards. Retrieved online 07 February, 2012 from

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment 7 - Essay Example f psychotic disorders characterized by effective distortions of reality; emotional and mental disorganization, as well as the withdrawal of individuals from social interaction. Some theories while trying to explain schizophrenia, give primacy to biologically related factors like biomechanical imbalance. Other theories tend to emphasize on the dynamism of the family, for example, the way one expresses hostility to the ill individual. Depressive disorder entails signs of â€Å"intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthlessness, and withdrawal from others† (Sue, Sue, and Sue, 1990, p. 325). Characteristics of depression are often physically manifested in change in appetite, sleep, and motivations like boredom and apathy. Cross-cultural studies reveal that there are variations in the way cultures define and communicate symptomatology of depression. Some cultures use fewer words in conveying emotions like anger and sadness. Somatization entails the use of bodily complaints as a means of expressing psychological distress. Certain studies have proposed that certain groups, like Hispanics and Japanese somaticize comparatively more than Americans and Europeans. Some of the complaints include intestinal problems and low back pain. Therefore, the carried out research suggests that, even if previously regarded a phenomenon of culture-specific could be universal embedding meanings of culture-specific as well as expression modes. Culture-bound syndromes present the strongest relevance regarding cultural relativism in comprehending and addressing abnormality. Historically, the literature can be put into view points, with the first view proposes that psychopathology and culture are intertwined, and that one has to constrain him/herself within a given framework of culture. This approach is referred to as cultural relativism. The other view, which contrasts the first one hold proposes that even if culture plays a responsibility while determining the actual behavior, the

Car Port Design Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Car Port Design Project - Assignment Example Thus the essay could give comprehensive information on the carport planning and design exercise. Car ports are units designed for the parking the cars to protect it from the environmental influences and dust. The ports need to be very cost effective and at the same time must be able to satisfy the requirement of the customer. Normally, these units are designed using the simple structural components like beam and columns. The roofing materials shall be lightweight and weather resistant. The columns shall be fixed firmly to the ground using suitable foundation units. The roof material is fixed on the purlins, which are connected to the beam. Thus the purlins are thin section beams that must be able to take the roofing component load while beams carry the weight of both purlins and roof cover. The columns are designed to carry the load transferred by the beams. The challenge in the design process is to select the most economical cross section that had least weight with maximum strength. Besides being very safe for the people and securing the vehicles, it must also be aesthetically very appealing and capable of creating very good visual impact. The most important parameters to be considered for the design of car ports are easy access, personal safety, vehicular safety and selection of materials and landscaping and aminity of adjacent area (SPG Note 16. The importance of first three parameters are self-explanatory. On the materials, the chosen ones shall be of good quality with most preferred being tarmac. Being very durable and attractive the cobbles or the block pavements too could be used. An effective landscaping could improve the overall appearance of the unit. This could be achieved by low boundary walls or fencing but should be very judicious in the selection of such systems as it must not give any opportunity for the outsiders to have a closer view of the vehicles parked in the car port. Also, the layouts shall incorporate the easiness in the maneuvering the vehicle by the drivers or any constrains imposed by disabled people (SPG Note 16). Also, in the case of multiple car ports. the design process shall also look into the easy access, visual clarity for the road users and pedestrians while locating the access points. In addition, detailed signboards or signages that give an indication about the entrance, exist, lift and any other important facility shall also be incorporated. 2.0 A comparison of different design concepts In the case of independent carport design for homes requires a detailed evaluation of the design proposals as the factors like variation in the type of materials or the roof overhangs could lead to considerable variation in the expected life and the initial cost required. The different carport designs that are normally adopted are usually based on different configuration of the spaces earmarked or selection of the materials. The stoned alone type carport or an

Emotion and moods in organization behaviour Essay

Emotion and moods in organization behaviour - Essay Example Emotions have been proven to be a significant contributor to our daily mental life influencing the eminence of our being. Researcher and psychologists have pointed out that, emotions make life worth living to people by being making them be receptive to certain environmental stimulus (Giovann, Petrella, Blasi, Zontini, & Nolfe, 66). Emotions help as do determine what people whom we interact with feel towards us. People know how their partners feel about them by looking at their facial expression. Tonal voice is also a key determinant which helps to evaluate a human’s true feelings (Charmine, Neal, Ashkanasy & Zerbe, 46). There are two main categories of emotions. They include the complex and simple emotions. These two categories are further subdivided into positive and negative emotions. Common emotions which are normally depicted by human beings include anger love, hatred, depression, and joy and happiness etcetera. Mood Mood is an expression of emotion which is perceived to b e long lasting state. Moods can take a longer duration of time to last taking even up to a couple of days. As compared to simple emotions, moods are less intensive. Literary, when someone is in a negative emotional condition, the person is said to be in a bad mood. On the other hand, positive emotions induce good moods (Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 24). Sources of emotions and moods A variety of studies have been conducted to identify sources of particular emotions evoked to an individual. Positive incidents are bound to have an effect on positive mood and emotions which are positive as well. Conversely, negative occurrences influence the negative moods for those who have emotional imbalance. To make an illustration, let us consider two employees who work in a particular organization Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 26). Employee A has a high level of emotional stability while his counterpart B scores low. One day, both the employees are notice that there is a bonus to be granted for each of thei r sale. Soon after, their boss passes by and scolds them for no obvious reason. In this circumstance, it would be expected for the one who is mentally stable to remain solid because he focuses only on then news with helps him achieve maximum happiness Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 24). The news with negatively affect employee B due to his emotional disadvantage of emotional instability hence he will get demoralized that faithful day. It has been noted that some people’s emotions depends on the time of the day and day of the week. Weekdays are known to the working days where most people are busy running various errands. Nevertheless weekends are special days of the week where individual getting to relax and take a rest from their busy weekday schedule. This means that you will find a majority of people in their best mood during weekends Ashkanasy, Neal & Cary, 27). Monday is a week day that you will find a bigger section of the populace in their worst mood due to Monday blues. Early in the morning, it is expected to find many individuals lowly spirited. Our moods revive in the course of the day and a projected decrease during the evening hours. What time people go to sleep at night or what time they wake up necessary impact the level of positive implication Positive influence peaks up in the midst of when one wakes up and when one goes to bed? At work place, how well we interact is depicted in midmorning and later in the week. A couple of people

GOOD CITY FORMS AND HEALTHY COMMUNITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GOOD CITY FORMS AND HEALTHY COMMUNITY - Essay Example In the article, the author argues going back to these basics to make new cities worth living in. A re-examination of the urban planning ideas of Lynch includes efficiency and justice as well. It further appeals to consider city size, future growth, and conservation measures when making plans, as most cities today are also ill and sterile, lacking diversity and vibrancy (Ford 247). In this second article by Y. R. Jabareen, entitled â€Å"Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts† and published in the Journal of Planning Education and Research back in September of 2006, the author who is connected with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Department of Urban Studies, he identifies the four sustainable types of major urban forms, namely: neotraditional development, the compact city, urban containment, and lastly, the ecological city. Any of these urban forms utilizes a combination of the seven main design concepts in terms of environmental planning for sustainability which are compactness, transport, density, mixed-land use, diversity, passive solar design, and lastly, greening (Jabareen 39), which is essentially just an elaboration of the ideas of David Lynch. In â€Å"Urban Development and Climate Change† and published in 2008, an entirely new perspective was drawn based on concerns of climate change as countries grapple with the issue of urban sprawl, and that is how to reduce gas emission by reducing the vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) by using compact development as the role model (Ewing et al. 201). By their estimates, compactness helps to reduce VMT by approximately 20% to 40% because it eliminates long commutes, which in turn reduces the gas emissions by around 7% to 10% as they made some plausible assumptions in their study models, up to the year 2050. For most of local governments worried about global warming, it is a good idea as it

Literature evaluation of a journal article Assignment - 3

Literature evaluation of a journal article - Assignment Example The criteria were assessed by rating procedures. In the following step, the relative significance of the criteria was established by the AHP. The suitability of land is simply established using the additive weighting procedure. The landfill suitability was classified into four main areas (Nadali 99). The rest of the area was concluded to be inappropriate for landfill. The results of the research demonstrated that it is a supplementary and necessary stride to establish the best candidate were chosen from the lands that have the best suitability. The paper was comprehensively researched by using data collected from the ground. From the research findings it is clear that the high population growth has resulted increased demand for landfills (Nadali 99). The study employed the AHP and ArcGIS and this increases the validity of the results. The authors found that the most significant criteria in this region were surface water and sensitive ecosystems. The paper concluded that dumping is one of the major issues facing municipalities in Iran. The conclusions of the study state that is tough to find land that is suitable for landfills (Nadali 104). In order to take regulations and all factors into consideration we employ AHP and GIS to deal with this complex issue. I agree with the conclusions and the paper contributes positively to my knowledge in landfills. The major limitations of the study is the limited data, comprehensive inspections are needed to involve members of the public in the landfill selection procedure and to study unavailable inadequate digital information including ground water. Nadali Alavi, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Ali Akbar Babaei, Nemat Jaafarzadeh and Mohsen Hosseinzadeh. Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site Selection with Geographic Information Systems and analytical hierarchy process: A case study in Mahshahr County, Iran. Waste Management Resources.

How Schools and Services Support and Protect Children and Families Essay

How Schools and Services Support and Protect Children and Families - Essay Example The epidemic proportions of the incidents of child abuse and neglect are very alarming and call for instant action on the part of government, schools and private institutions. As the rate and the extent of these problems increase, there is also a need for a more unified response on the part of the school, government and other social service providers. The social services along with schools can aid in providing the necessary guidance, support, and direction to the children and their parents. The primary functions of the schools to soundly educate are the best protection a child can get. However, in today’s world, the social and physical problems of the children have grown so large and complex that it is rather foolish to focus on just the academic needs of the children. The problem of physical violence and crime is becoming a commonplace issue in schools. The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that the number of robbery or violent crime incidents on or near school grounds is 3 million per school year (Hatkoff 1994). The fact that an increasing number of children are fearful and cautious about taking a trip to and from school and tend to avoid particular places at school out of fear of an attack. The issue of violence and assault in schools is extremely complex and the concern over its consequences is increasing as it has long-lasting physical and emotional consequences. The government authorities are realizing this and initiating program and directing funds to local school districts for the purpose of making schools safer. There are many programs which are being initiated at schools to help students recognize that bullying is wrong and a cowardly act by people with low self esteem. Children who are known to be affected by domestic abuse or substance misuse are supported effectively at schools. The value of this service is unparalleled as it manages the children’s behavior and supports their development. A study issued by The Department of Education reflects the role of the school in helping the student to build healthy relationships inside and outside the school. The study recommends involving the parents and community to collaborate and aid in building disciplined, safe and healthy relationship of the students with the outside world (U.S. Department of Education, 1993). The teacher having influence and authority over the students can be helpful in creating a safe environment, free of any kind of physical abuse or violence.Teens, Crime and the Community (TCC) is one interactive program that incorporates the students in execution at all the stages of the program. It is launched by the National Crime Prevention Council and it has an aim to educate young people about crime, delinquency and involves them in projects which help them to make their schools and communities safer (National Crime Prevention Council, 1993). This program has been successfully implemented in more than 500 US sch ools in 40 states, involving more than 400,000 youths.

The Importance of Partnerships with Parents for All Aspects of the Childcare Service Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Partnerships with Parents for All Aspects of the Childcare Service Essay The partnership with parents is very important as it is the key to making sure that the children in my care get the best care available and are happy and settled in my setting. With the introduction of the Children Act in 1989 parents were given definite rights. This included being able to access information on their children’s progress and achievements in their setting and also a preference to parents as to which school they wanted their child to go to. Since the introduction of the EYFS in 2008, a clear framework has been put in place to foster partnerships between parents and all professionals, including childminders, pre-schools, nurseries and schools. The relationship between parents and childminders can be very close, parents will be coming into my home every day and it is important that I put this on a professional footing by having a Parental Involvement Policy that clearly states how the partnership between the parents and I will work. I will welcome all parents into my setting and encourage their involvement in order to ensure their child is comfortable enough to flourish into confident, happy individuals. The partnership with parents starts with the first initial enquiry / visit. I need to build a rapport with the parents by understanding their requirements both culturally, socially and any routines they have. I will always endeavour to accommodate a child’s routine and discuss with parents how this will be managed taking account of the children already in my care. Sometimes a compromise will need to be made, as long as this is agreed by all parties. Different cultures have different approaches to modesty, clothing, and the use of the toilet and hygiene arrangements. Some cultures have very specific guidelines on the preparation and storage of food and the type of food they eat. All these aspects need to be considered and discussed with the parent at the initial enquiry / visit stage. Once I have established the basic requirements of the parents I will draw up a contract with the parents for the care of their child/(ren). Before a child starts in my care I will want to have some settling in sessions. This is important to ensure that the child, parent and I can have some time to get to know each other and clarify any points regarding routine, specific needs and communication. There are many ways of communicating with parents, keeping a daily diary, telephone calls, email, a chat on collection or drop off and formalised parent meetings. A daily diary is particularly useful when children in my care are young and are still in appies, on formula milk, or being weaned, or just starting to feed themselves and / or not yet talking. Telephone calls or email communication is more likely to be an agreed regular communication in the evening or weekends. I would not envisage this being the preferred method of communication as face to face discussion would be more productive. I would propose to hold parents evenings, at least twice a year. The purpose of this would be to review the child’s progress, discuss any issues and plan for the coming six months.

Public Health Disease Management of Tuberculosis

Public Health Disease Management of Tuberculosis This essay critically examines the effectiveness of policy frameworks and assessment tools in public health disease management of tuberculosis. The essay discusses the role of the community nurse and multidisciplinary teams in empowering individuals and populations in reducing health inequalities. The essay also explores the nursing and public health frameworks that assist in holistic assessment, planning implementation and the evaluation of care in the community, primary and public health sector. The essay also discusses how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can influence policies and tackle the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. The essay also discusses strategies that enable the empowerment of individuals and groups, to make them responsible for their own health. The essay also identifies key issues emerging from the health and well-being of communities and discusses the impact that these will have on the role of the nurse and the multid isciplinary team. The main policy framework that has been put forward to combat tuberculosis is contained within the 2004 Department of Health document entitled Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer, which outlines the goals of the programme, namely the long-term reduction and ultimately elimination of tuberculosis from England, with the immediate aims of reducing the risk of people being newly affected by tuberculosis, providing high quality treatment for all people living with tuberculosis and maintaining low levels of drug resistance to tuberculosis, through careful usage of antibiotics (DoH, 2004). This framework has dictated how health professionals treat cases of tuberculosis but has, in practical terms not stopped the drastic rise in tuberculosis in England: in 2002, for example, 6638 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (DoH, 2004), whereas in 2005, the number of people infected by tuberculosis rose by 10.8% to 8113 (HPA, 2005; BBC, 2006), with the largest increases being in inner cities, particularly London (HPA, 2005; BBC, 2006). The public health management of tuberculosis includes: vaccinating uninfected at-risk groups; minimizing the chances of spreading the infection through minimizing contact of humans with cattle, for example; actively seeking infected individuals from within those groups most at risk; thoroughly investigating outbreaks of the disease when they occur; having appropriate measures in place to ensure that those with the disease do not infect health professionals; developing more rapid diagnostic techniques and creating an effective and easy-to-use national monitoring and surveillance system which functions within a legal framework (NICE, 2006). The spread of tuberculosis is not, seemingly, therefore being effectively managed as per the outlines in the policy framework in the 2004 Department of Health document entitled Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer nor by the public health management schemes that are currently in place. Increases in tuberculosis are consistently most notable in the poorest sectors of the population (Bhatti et al., 1995), and for this reason, tuberculosis has been described, as it was historically, as a disease of the poor. There is, therefore, a massive socioeconomic influence over the spread of tuberculosis (Bhatti et al., 1995). Given this, then, it is important that the community nurses working in the ‘poorer’ sections of inner city areas are fully trained in how to diagnose, and how to best treat, tuberculosis, within the general framework as specified by the Department of Health (2004) policy document. In terms of the role of the community nurse and multidisciplinary teams in empowering individuals and populations in reducing health inequalities, as identified by Palacios et al. (2003), nurses play a key role in the management of tuberculosis cases in the community, with nurses being responsible for, amongst other things, identifying patients, evaluating patients prior to treatment starting, managing emergencies, educating patients and other health professionals, and providing coordination, for example overseeing other health workers and communicating between the members of a multidisciplinary team. Not only do the community nurse and the multidisciplinary teams they are involved with have a duty to identify and treat tuberculosis cases, but there is also an implicit obligation (built in to the framework for controlling tuberculosis as outlined by DoH (2004)) that health professionals should also educate individuals at risk as to how to minimize the risk that they would contract tu berculosis. Health inequalities, such as the greater likelihood of contracting tuberculosis if one comes from a poor background, need to be first recognized by health professionals and then treated, through treating the diseases as they manifest themselves, and through education programmes, which would aim to minimize the risks of contracting such diseases. Obviously this is approach does not treat the root causes of the inequalities, which is a political matter. In terms of exploring the nursing and public health frameworks that assist in holistic assessment, planning implementation and the evaluation of care in the community, primary and public health sector, there is a national framework for dealing with tuberculosis which offers guidelines as to how tuberculosis should be managed on the ground as it were (Singh et al., 2002). Tuberculosis care is generally undertaken on an out-patient basis with only emergency (usually previously undiagnosed) cases being dealt with on an in-patient basis (White et al., 2002). There is a system in place that ensures that any patients with suspected tuberculosis are seen by a tuberculosis team as soon as possible, following their first presentation to a health care professional, and that the presence of tuberculosis is noted on the national database and then managed according to national guidelines (i.e., those from the British Thoracic Society) (DoH, 2004). This national database of tuberculosis cases is p art of the Health Protection Agency’s surveillance scheme for tuberculosis, through the Statutory Notification of Infectious Diseases (NOIDs) scheme. The current best practice in terms of managing tuberculosis is the allocation of the patient with tuberculosis to a named case manager, who provides routinely supervised care to ensure that the medication is taken correctly and that the disease is being managed properly (DoH, 2004). In terms of how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can influence policies and tackle the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. There are many organizations that collect data on various diseases that are present in the UK, and who then relate this data to socioeconomic factors. The Rowntree Foundation is one such organization, for example. Tuberculosis is a pertinent example of how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can be used to effect changes to the political structures in place. As has been seen, it is known that socioeconomic variables can predict the presence of tuberculosis in the population, with those individuals from poorer areas more likely to suffer from a higher incidence of tuberculosis than those individuals from more affluent areas (Bhatti et al., 1995). The fact that there are still such diseases, with a strong socioeconomic aspect, present in the UK is cause for concern, and as many reports from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation have pointed out (for example, North et al., 2007; Dorling et al., 2007), the UK is facing higher levels of inequality than for four decades, which has major health implications for those living in the poorer sectors of society. These studies have been listened to, as the Government embarks on their social justice programme that aims to provide social equality for all members of society, in terms of health and education, for example. Thus, the use of environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can be responsible for directly influencing policies and tackling the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. If, for example, the poorer sectors of society were lifted out of this poverty, it is likely that ‘diseases of the poor’ such as tuberculosis would decline in frequency i n the UK. In terms of strategies that enable the empowerment of individuals and groups, to make them responsible for their own health, such strategies take many and varied forms, according to the disease under consideration. For tuberculosis, this entails, amongst other things, educating the patients as to why it is important to continue to take their medication even when they ‘feel’ better, to ensure that the disease does not recur and, more importantly, that antibiotic resistance is not developed. Most strategies for patient empowerment are based around patient education, in terms of bringing about changes in their immediate environment, or in their patterns of thinking, that will effect changes to their lifestyle and the ways in which they view their lives and, through this, will effect direct positive changes to their health; patient empowerment is generally a necessity for preventative medicine to be fully effective (Wensing, 2000). Empowering patients through education and t hrough better communication in the media, for example can lead to much higher levels of conformity with healthcare plans and to greater adherence to preventative medicine schedules (Wensing, 2000) which, in a disease like tuberculosis, which is notoriously difficult to treat if medicine schedules are not followed, is crucial to gaining control of the disease. In terms of the key issues emerging from the health and well-being of communities and the impact that these will have on the role of the nurse and the multidisciplinary team, it has been seen that tuberculosis is a disease of the poor, occurring most commonly in poorer areas in inner cities. Firstly, these health professionals have to recognize the socioeconomic aspect of such diseases, and to work within this context. For health professionals working in such situations, it is imperative that these health professionals are aware of all the current guidelines and policy frameworks with regards to such diseases, to ensure that they are aware of the necessity of conforming to these guidelines and frameworks. The impact that this has on the role of the nurse and the multidisciplinary team is to focus the health professionals attention to the diseases that are associated with poverty, and to focus their attention on treating these diseases in the optimum manner, and to empower their patie nts, in an attempt to manage, as effectively as possible, the incidence of such diseases. In conclusion, this essay has looked at the issue of tuberculosis in the UK, finding that whilst there is a policy framework in place aimed at reducing the incidence of tuberculosis, this is not wholly effective. The socioeconomic aspect of tuberculosis was discussed, as were the treatment options, the need for patient empowerment and the ways in which treating tuberculosis impacts health professionals. It is recognized that dealing with the root cause of diseases such as tuberculosis, which are generally known as ‘diseases of the poor’ is a political and not a health, matter, in terms of smoothing the inequalities that lead to the conditions where such diseases develop. References BBC (2006). Sharp rise in tuberculosis cases. 2nd November 2006. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6109228.stm [Accessed on 27th January 2008]. Bhatti, N. et al. (1995). Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in England and Wales: a study of the likely causes. BMJ 310, pp.967-969. DoH (2004). Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer. Department of Health. Dorling, D. et al. (2007). Poverty, wealth and place in Britain, 1968 to 2005. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2019-poverty-wealth-place.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. HPA (2005). Annual report on tuberculosis cases reported in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Available from http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/pdf/2003_Annual_Report.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. NICE (2006). Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG033niceguideline.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. North, D. et al. (2007). Interventions to tackle the economic needs of deprived areas: analysis of six policy case studies. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/ebooks/2137-devolution-governance-deprivation.pdf [Accessed on 27th January 2008]. Palacios, E. et al. (2003). The role of the nurse in community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 7(4), pp.343-346. Singh, S. et al. (2002). Tuberculosis in primary care. British Journal of General Practice 52, pp.357-358. Wensing, M. (2000). Evidence-based patient empowerment. Quality in Healthcare 9, pp.200-201. White, V. et al. (2002). Management of tuberculosis in a British inner-city population. Journal of Public Health Medicine 24(1), pp.49-52.

AirAsia Customer Relationship Management

AirAsia Customer Relationship Management In todays world economy, information technology (IT) has driven fundamental changes in the nature and also the application of technologies in a business. The use of IT in its value chain provides the company a very strong strategically and tactical tools. If these tool are properly applied and used could bring great advantages in promoting and strengthening the competitive advantages. In order to gain more market share and sustain its competitive advantages to be very low cost carrier in these days high demanding environment, Air Asia tries to develop new ways of make the customers, suppliers loyal. Focus on supplier and alliances and the customer will drive positive values to Air Asia can achieve. Customer relationship management application will be one of the areas of strategic implementation that company can focus to achieve high values to both Shareholders and Customers. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) In order to long term, customer relationship should be fostered for company to maintain competitive advantage and profitability. When planning and implementing CRM application, management is recommended the following approaches: Customer segmentation-mileage- based segmentation is inadequate, rather should focused on value-based and needs-based approaches can be guide investment decision and drive greater insight into needs of high-value customer. CRM initiative development-to different from the other competitors approach e.g. installing kiosks for the fast check in. Air Asia should implement CRM program in favour of investing in initiatives with a high return, which respond to the needs and desires of their own customers. Organizational design and management-Air Asia needs to train the employees empowerment them with a complete view of the customer and clearly fluent the employees role in the CRM strategy. Advanced and classy CRM information system should include the key functions that are; Travelling Planning: Site personalization for on line customer to create travel plan, bundled services information, flights notification systems, and gate information displays etc. Reservation and Ticketing: ITA search engines, roving agent check-in, kiosks, internet check-in, and phone check in systems etc. Frequently Flyer Program: Membership based or point based rewarding scheme offering to the applicable customer. Campaign Management: Email campaigns and promotion system are used for marketing. Customer Care: Web based self services such as e-ticket booking and reservation, online baggage tracing. RFID baggage tags, internet lounge, and in air internet services. Business intelligence: Dynamic update and multidimensional reports that helps management to do analytics in various areas, such as customer profile. To justify the investment and implementation scope of the CRM program, Air Asia is recommended to look into the ROI and financial impact to the shareholder value driven by each of the CRM initiatives. By taking the steps to implement a truly consumer-centric approach to relationship management, Air Asia will be in better position to attain , develop, and hold on to high value of the clients Company wants to be the lowest short-haul airline in every market it goes, that why they are using some strategies such as Lean cost structure, different ways of promotion, keeping safety, satisfying guests and developing human resource very strongly these days. Air Asia always tries to keep their operations as simple as they can. SWOT Analysis: To figure out the internal factors such as Strengths and Weakness, and external Opportunities and Threats to business objective, a SWOT analysis of Air Asia can be conducted; Strengths: Low cost operation Fewer management level, effective, focused and aggressive management Simple proven business model that consistently distribute that the lower fares Penetrate and motivate to the potential markets And multi skilled staff means efficient and incentive workforce Single type of Air buses minimize the maintenance cost and easy for pilot dispatch Streamline Operation: making sure that the processes are as simple as possible, that customer can approach and use it with no difficulty Lean Distribution System: offering a wide and innovative rang of distribution channels to make a booking and take a step toward a travelling easy Point to point network: applying the point to point network keeps operation simple and low cost, that it connect the booking offices with call centres Partnering with the worlds most renowned maintenance provider company and complying with the airline operation in the world. Implementing the regions fastest turnaround at 25 minutes only, assuring lower cost and higher productivity Weaknesses: Due to lower costs the services possessions are limited, so someone can think that Air Asia cannot serve as well as they advertise During irregular situations the company could not handle them well with limited number of personals Government interference and regulation on airport deals and passenger compensation Non central location for secondary airports Its low cost strategy makes the brand critical for market position and development is always a challenge for Air Asias management One of the weak point is that the company trust heavily on outsourcing, it shows the Air Asia depends on other for some of their tasks and seems not good for companys repute in the customers mind New entrance to provide the price sensitive services Providing guests with the choice of modify services without compromising on quality and services. Opportunities: Long haul flights an experiment to get underdeveloped market share, which is better for the companys growth. The Air Asia can differentiate from traditional Low Cost Carrier model by adding customer services or operating as a full services airline with low fare for the haul flights. Ongoing industry consideration has opened up projection for new routes and airports deals, by making such kind of deals the company expand his business High inflation rate and also fuel prices will pinch out unprofitable competitors Threats: Keeping in view the current economic situations the full services airline cut their cost to compete. Other companies like Virgin etc may think towards Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) In the coming time the high rates of fuel decrease the yield of the company is a big threat for them Accident, terrorist attack and disaster affect customer confidence. For example on 28 July 2010 a plane crash in Pakistan and almost one month later on 24 of august 2010 there is a another plane crash in China, these kind of accident creates a doubt in the mind of customers. Due to their (Air Asia) low cost model the people may think about that there is risk involve like services and safe journey. I think this is a major threat in these days that Air Asia can face. Aviation regulation and government policy, Air Asias ongoing business in long haul flights have always threat for the changing policies of the those countries and day to day changes in the regulations of the international airport authorities Increase in operation cost in producing value added services, as Air Asia X using value added services by long haul flights so it results in increase their operation and value added cost. As Air Asia policy from the January 2002, company belief online seat reservation and also online flight schedule but a threat is always there that the system disorder can arise big problem for Air Asias online system Economical factor of Air Asia According to the profit and loss account of company it was good in 2009, weather it receive loss in 2008 due to fuel hedging and the crisis situation in Bangkok. The company bear a heavy loss upon their short and long contracts when fuel price shot through to the roof before collapsing around the end of year. On November 2008 the company abolish fuel surcharges. It is the first air line in the world to abolish fuel surcharge. As other air lines are downsize with decreasing in travel, because of global economic circumstances. In 2009 and in 2010 Air Asia expands its operations. The companies target to get around one Million customers in 2008, adding new plans and also introducing new destinations like India etc. At the end of 2009 and start of 2010 Air Asia targets get 5.1 million in 2009 that is 4.2 million up that was in 2008. The new plans were operate usefully towards new destinations like India, China etc. Current Activities: The Air Asia invited the customer to come and take part in photography competition in a sense of making journey Happy with Them(AIR ASIA), the winner of this competition will be awarded a ticket to Bangkok with accommodation and other offers such like that to get market penetration. From 2009 the company starts scholarship for students related to pilot courses this is another try to get more market penetration in term of Air Asias sales and make the customer interested in their new routes and keep the existing and as well as new customers. These Air Asia using Social security checks for buying ticket on special prices. Red Megastore. They start red megastore for online services for the purpose of make more ease for the new and little educated customers to buy Air Asias offered facilities. As we know the target customer of Air Asia is less educated, Middle class and small business mens, so this plan works very fruitful for the company. Customer Satisfaction of Air Asia: The customer satisfaction on company depends on four variables that are Safety, Service Quality, Price and Promotion; Safety: The safety factor is related to the Engine and other parts operate during flight Take a good care of the hand caries and make sure that there is better place for them without any disturbance The company have much focus on the insurance of passengers while they travel Service Quality: Good manners of attendance during flight The flight attendants are very skilled , knowledgeable and charming The Attendants must offer their services with keeping in mind of serving Price: Equality of ticket price Offer the low comparative price Promotion: Air Asia was very care while lunching promotions they should be Interesting, After a reasonable time and also good frequency of lunching promotions

Cause of World War I Essay -- essays research papers

WWI Causes World War I, a war that started out locally in Europe between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that later ended up including thirty two different nations. This war has been around for almost a century and yet the causes of it are still being debated. There are many different scenarios that have been considered. Some of the key reasons that were believed to have instigated WWI were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and an arrangement of treaties. Also the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was believed to be one of the immediate causes. Nationalism is the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other. From just reading the meaning of nationalism it is quit obvious to see that this idea will oppose some kind of conflict sooner or later, and as proved later on it did. At the settlement of Vienna in 1815, the idea of nationalism was ignored mainly because nations wanted to preserve the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany also in 1871. Another result of the Franco-Prussian War, which took place 1870-1871, was that France wasn’t happy with the outcome of Alsace-Lorraine losing, and regaining what they lost from that was a major goal for the French. Nationalism was a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans. Those areas had many conflicting national groups. The strong faith Serbia had for the movement advocating th...

McMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoo

McMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Literary fiction is littered with references to Christianity. It is very obviously a large and influential force in the western world so it is hardly surprising that a novel such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, which is so questioning of our society and moral values, should be so full of references to what is arguably the basis of these values. What the question asks, however, is if the character of McMurphy is portrayed as a Christ figure. A Christ figure being a reflection of the New Testament messiah within the characters actions, beliefs and effect on those around him. The figure will then redeem his followers, lead them to salvation, be martyred and resurrected.    The similarities are prolific in their presence in certain parts of the novel, the very context of both stories shows similarities, both are dealing with an oppressed factor that is set free by an outsider who teaches and challenges the system in which the oppressed are caught.    The first allusion to the New Testament comes when the chief introduces the reader to the patient Ellis. Ellis' arms our outspread in the pose of crucifixion, an affectation caused by many treatments on the Electro-Shock Therapy(EST) table, a pose that McMurphy later adopts when he receives the treatment. Ellis also tells Billy Bibbitt before the fishing trip to be ` a fisher of men' one of Christ's instructions to his disciples. The purpose of the character seems to be an introduction for the reader to this theme and to have it introduced so early on both highlights the universal nature of the struggle that McMurphy and the patients face and also allows the reader to be ... ...erely alludes to Christ.    Works Cited Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Toronto, Ontario Canada: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, 1962. Kunz, Don. Symbolization in Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. A Casebook on Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Ed. George J. Searles. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1989. Pratt, John Clark. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. New York: The Viking Press. 1973. Semino, Elena, and Swindlehurst, Kate. Metaphor and Mind Style in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Northern Light (online posting) Spring 1996. Unknown Author. Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. (online posting)   

Tenure at NU Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Tenure at NU *Please note: Portions of this article and some information appeared in the Northeastern News, in the issue of December 3, 2003, Vol. LXXVII, No. 45. The respective text and information was extracted, solely, from the student reporter’s own writing and news-gathering. Appealing an Administration: A Professor’s Struggle to Remain at NU Six years ago, Northeastern’s Modern Languages Department asked an incoming professor, Harry Kuoshu, to build a Chinese Studies program. With minimal faculty support, he did just that, providing integral courses for the uprising interest in Asian Studies at the university. So when Kuoshu applied for tenure last March, the process seemed a mere formality. With unanimous support from both the Modern Language Department and the College of Arts and Sciences committees on tenure, his dossier was sent to the office of the Provost Ahmed Abdelal—who then rejected Kuoshu’s request. â€Å"I was very shocked,† said Kuoshu, from his office in the Modern Languages Department. â€Å"I try to forget about it. I focus on my work and on my research.† An author of three books, Kuoshu believes his rejection stemmed from criticism of his scholarship by external reviewers—experts from other institutions that evaluate the research of tenure-track professors. Recently nominated and named to â€Å"Who’s Who Among American Professors,† Kuoshu teaches virtually all classes in the Chinese Studies program. As a result, his tenure rejection has brought forth a wave of protest from his students, who have been actively writing to President Richard Freeland. Upon the provost’s decision, Kuoshu sent his dossier to an appeals board on tenure—comprised of 13 members—who voted 7-6 to uphold Abdelal’s prerogative. Un... ...rn. Now well-established in the Suffolk community, Haughton believes that his tenure rejection from Northeastern worked out for the betterment of his career. Having spent the majority of his teaching career in the greater Boston area, earning his Ph.D. in 1983 from Harvard—where he taught briefly before arriving at Northeastern—he has become a senior analyst at the Beacon Hill Institute for Public Policy, a place he juggles his time with along with teaching at Suffolk. â€Å"It’s funny the way things work,† he said. â€Å"But you know, life goes on. I teach at Suffolk now and I’m very happy.† In terms of his tenure rejection at Northeastern, Haughton said that while the incident caused some stress, he remembered that such episodes are common. â€Å"Everyone is academia realizes that’s the game,† he said. â€Å"If you have solid skills, you’ll land on your feet somewhere.†

The African Diaspora

The term Diaspora means the dispersion of people from their original homeland. The term African Diaspora refers to the dispersion of the African people across the world throughout the human history. This is a complex process created by the movements and mobility of African people across the globe. The presence of the black people in the Americas, Asia and Europe is the result of African Diaspora. This paper will discuss the African Diaspora and in context of the modern era with a brief account of its history. African Diaspora Historically:The African Diaspora is not a phenomenon of the Middle Ages when the Western nations enslaved millions of Africans and transported them to the Caribbean, Americas. During the post Christian era the African continent has been a center of a glorious civilization. During the Islamic rule the Africans prospered and at that time invaded the Iberian Peninsula along the Arabs. This amalgamation of Afro-Arabic culture created the glorious Moorish civilizati on in the Iberian Peninsula which lasted until the 15th Century A.D.Many Africans settled across the Asian continent during this period of Islamic rule because of near absence of racial discrimination in the Islamic society. That’s why many people of African origin are still seen in Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Indian Subcontinent and other predominantly Muslim areas. In the middle of the 15th Century the western explorers discovered new lands and continents in the Western Hemisphere. These discoveries unveiled potentials of riches and wealth by plantation in the Americas and Caribbean.To fulfill the needs of these Plantations the Western nations looked towards the African Continent. From this age nearly 11 million taken to the New World, 8 Million to the European Countries while 4 million were transported to the plantations in the Indian Ocean. (Larson, 1999) This was largest forced migration and dispersion of the people of African ancestry in the history and shaped the African Dias pora of modern times. African Diaspora in Modern Age: In the 21st Century both the people living inside the African continent and outside it are sustaining harsh and adverse conditions.People in the African continent are torn by Civil Wars, famine, poverty, fallacies of the leadership and the worst AIDs epidemic. Africans have the largest infant and maternal mortality rate in the world as well as the lowest life expectancy in the world. Most of the Africans are deprived of education, medication and other primary needs. The conditions of the Africans living abroad are also not that favorable. The largest group of people of African ancestry living outside the home continent is Afro-Brazilians.The situation of Afro-Brazilians is no better than their brethren living in Africa. Officially they constitute 45% of the population of Brazil but their contribution in education, business, military and legislation in nothing compared to their population ratio. Whites are dominant in every profit able sector and white collar jobs are only secured for Whites. Blacks living in cities are forced to live in segregated suburbs, where there are no modern municipal facilities provided.Other countries with prominent black populations are the United States and Canada (Combine population 4 million), Caribbean 15 million, France 2 million, U. K. 1. 6 million. (African Diaspora) Conclusion: The African Diaspora in the modern era despite all the slogans of racial equality has been deliberately deprived of all the rights and facilities enjoyed by the developed nations. If the developed nations didn’t take serious measures to cure the deteriorating situation of the African people things will go beyond control.

Epistemology †Plato Essay

There were many great philosophers who have contributed in making philosophy what it is today, one of them being Plato. In addition to being an outstanding philosopher, he was also a mathematician and a writer. One of Plato’s biggest inspirations was his very own teacher Socrates. Socrates never wrote down a word of what he said, but thankfully Plato was able to record it all down for him and wrote many dialogues about Socrates words and teachings. One of Plato’s most famous works was his dialogue, The Republic which was written in 380 BC. The Republic consists of ten books total each consisting of different topics concerning ancient philosophy. From reading a short excerpt from the philosophical text: Western Philosophy: An Anthology (Second Edition) edited John Cottingham, Cottingham takes an excerpt from (Plato, Republic [Politeia, c. 3800 BC], Bk V, 474b-483e. Trans. B. Jowett, in The Dialogues of Plato (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892), vol. lll, pp. 171-9)), Plato writes about knowledge versus opinion and Socrates views on each from a first person point of view. In the following excerpt there is an ongoing conversation between Socrates and Glaucon discussing their personal views and thoughts on knowledge and opinion. Socrates does not oppose of having opinions, he says they can later be turned into knowledge. These beliefs and opinions will only act as a guide to our knowledge. Socrates believes that opinions are very good and can be useful while one has them as they stay in our minds, but they are only temporary and eventually will leave our minds. Opinions are not of great value and will escape from our minds. This means they will not be worth much until they are tied down and figured out by working out the reason. Once they are tied down those opinions will evolve into knowledge. This knowledge is permanent and overall much better than true opinion. Knowledge is when one can thoroughly and fully explain why a certain belief is correct. Knowledge can be used to back up ones opinion by using facts and explanations from prior experience. Socrates believed that philosophers were to rule the polis’ of Greece because they were better than all the others due to the knowledge they held. He believed that anyone who did not have knowledge and rather held to their opinions should remain as followers, that it is only possible for a leader to have knowledge and only philosophers can have knowledge. Socrates felt philosophers were the only ones who could have knowledge because they knew the process of reason. Knowledge is what makes a philosopher who he is and separates him from the rest of mankind. Philosophers are a different kind, special people, being able to see and know more than what meets the eye. Socrates believes that philosophers should be rulers and kings of Greece. Knowledge is so power that one could mange to be a king. In Socrates mind, philosophers would be the best fit to being a king and having all rule. Knowledge and opinion are very different powers, therefore they must have different objects. Everyday objects can be told and described to be what they are in detail. For example, Iona College has a beautiful campus. This very statement is in between what is, and what is not. Knowledge is relevant to what is, and opinions are just assumptions. This is where Plato introduces us to his theory of the forms, which are absolute true objects of knowledge. Forms cannot be obtained from any of the senses, only from true knowledge. Forms are absolutes such as justice, happiness, goodness, etc. Forms are responsible for making sense of our surroundings and making sense of why things are as they are. On page 13 in John Cottingham’s book, Socrates says, â€Å"I need not remind you, that a lover, if he is worthy of the name, ought to show his love not to some one part of that which he loves, but of the whole. † meaning when someone loves something they love the entirety of it, not just a part but every part. Socrates knows that the average human is unable to love something for all that it is because they do not have any knowledge. The philosopher loves all knowledge and wisdom and will always be curious and stay open-minded until they find knowledge. During this dialogue Glaucon disagrees with what Socrates says, Glaucon believes that you do not need to be a philosopher in order to be curious and know things. Socrates says that the difference between a person of that type and a philosopher is that philosophers are lovers of truth. On page 14, Socrates says, â€Å"The lovers of sound and sights, I replied, are, as I conceive, fond of fine tones and colours and forms and all the artificial products that are made out of them, but their mind is incapable of seeing or loving absolute beauty. † He is saying that philosophers are very different from the lovers of sight and sound because they claim to know all about the beauty of things but cannot claim to have any knowledge. Those lovers of sight and sound do not see the beauty itself, they are only lovers of opinion. These lovers cannot, and will not ever be philosophers. Whereas philosopher embrace each and every thing for itself and each part that it is. Socrates is defining a true philosopher as someone who desires the entirety of knowledge and loves the sight of truth. A lover of truth is a knower of truth. This knowledge that philosophers possess are the forms. Socrates does not actually know of the World of Forms, he never gives a name to these realities and form of true knowledge. Plato is the one who introduced the world of forms based off of Socrates ideas. When reading The Republic, one must infer that Socrates is talking about the forms. Socrates knows the forms are present, that there is a higher level of knowledge and reality, but never puts a name to this object. Knowledge is certain and can never change due to the forms. Socrates is a firm believer in that knowledge as a whole is relative to being and knows being. He then will go further and divide all being into classes. The classes are, what is completely and what is not at all. These classes can be further divided into what is both and what is not. What is completely is knowable, which is also the forms because only they can count as what is knowable. The forms are certain knowledge and unchangeable. Only philosophers have knowledge because only they have access to the forms. What is in no way is inexperience and what has not used by the senses. What both is and is not is the matter of opinion. Knowledge and opinion can be separated since they are such different objects. The philosopher is known for being wide awake on top of having knowledge. The philosopher is awake to reality of the world and his eyes are wide open to understanding truth and consuming knowledge. Being in his actual world he is able to use reason and come to conclusion of obtaining knowledge. The non-philosopher, the one who only has opinions is a dreamer, living in a dream world. This dream world is only a reflection of the forms, which are only minor images and are not existent. This dreamer can be awoken from his slumber of the world of forms once his temporary turn into more permanent knowledge. Socrates now introduces faculties of our mind which are knowledge of the real and our notion in appearances. One can use reason to understand the properties of the form of beauty, when doing this that one has achieved the power of knowledge of beauty for its true self. But if one only see some parts of beauty they only believe in its general appearance. His senses can deceive him if that is all he is doing. This person cannot be a philosopher for believing in only the appearance of a thing. Glaucon compares the attempt to separate knowledge from the belief in appearance by saying this process is so weak that it reminds him of riddles and children’s puzzles. On page 17 Glaucon says, â€Å"They are like punning riddles which are asked at feasts or the children’s puzzle, and upon what the bat was sitting. A man who was not a man (a eunuch) threw a stone that was not a stone (a pumice-stone) at a bird that was not a bird (a bat) sitting on a twig that was not a twig (a reed). † Glaucon is expressing the misperception of the intellect and how it is hard to actually separate knowledge from the appearances of things. As one can see from The Republic, Socrates has generally the same repeating ideas about those who have knowledge and those who have opinions. It is extremely clear that Socrates only believes that philosophers are the only ones who have knowledge. The non-philosophers consist of those who only have opinions meaning they only view the appearance of things. These non-philosophers are quick to judge a thing not for itself due to the fact that they are lacking from knowledge in their minds. Plato introduces us to a new concept the world based off of the teachings of Socrates. This new concept is the world of forms and will take us into a deeper understanding of knowledge more than one could ever think to have known. The forms are what lead us to true knowledge. With the help of the knowledge from the forms one can now know reason, and why things are the way they are. The world we live in now makes sense and everything can come into place. In conclusion Socrates says knowledge is much more powerful than opinions, that the philosophers who love the truth in each thing are to be known as lovers of knowledge, they are not and never will be lovers of opinion due to how much knowledge they have.

Blood Brothers Essay

You are the director of a new production of blood brothers. Give advice to the actors playing the roles of Eddie and Mickey about how to tackle the age changes. You must comment on at least two scenes in detail. If you have seen a production of Blood Brothers you may also refer to this. In the scene when you both meet for the first time you must consider your body language. You must consider how an eight year old would walk and stand. An eight year old would have fewer worries than someone who is older than them so they would walk not really paying much attention to what is around them. You would also have to think how someone who is better off would walk compared to someone who is from a less well off background. You have got to consider how to use the tone of your voice. At first they were a bit shy. But after they first met you would have to consider how an eight year old would not be shy so they would say anything so say your lines so the audience have no clue to what you will say next. Another important factor to consider is the way you deliver your lines. You should deliver your lines in a free flowing way. When they are swearing you should not feel like people might be offended. In the scene when you Mickey and Eddie meet for the first time after they have both moved to the country you should pay attention to your body language. This time Eddie and Mickey are both 16 – 17 years olds. So you have to think about how a 16 – 17 year old would act. A 16 – 17 year old would have more problems than a person of 8 years old but still not as many as an older person. You still have to consider how a person who is better off would act compared to a person from the ghetto. Again you would have to consider the tone of your voice. You would expect a teenager to swear more and they may speak with a slight mumble. Again you should consider the way you deliver your lines. In the scene when Mickey is trying to kill Eddie you should again pay attention to your body language. This time Eddie and Mickey are both in they’re thirty’s. Mickey is depressed and he has a lot of problems an example of which was that he was put in jail for his brother shooting someone. While Eddie on the other hand has few, because he has a successful business. Mickey has just realised that Eddie is seeing his girlfriend Linda. When Mickey is pointing the gun at Eddie, Eddie has to act scared because he fears for his life. Mickey is holding the gun so that he feels in control instead of having Eddie control his life. Mickey has to act confused because Eddie made his life; he gave him a job and a nice home. You again have to consider the tone of your voice. Mickey should say his lines in a sort of stuttery way. Eddie should deliver his lines in a scared voice, while Mickey should deliver his lines in a scared and confused way.

Lovelace Happy Feet

Every Emperor Penguin sings a unique song called a â€Å"heartsong† to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates.They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg.The resulting chick, Mumble, has no vocal talent, but can tap dance. Nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of his age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile Skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he claims to have been from an alien abduction.Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice.Years later, an adult Mumble is now an outcast who is frowned upon by his elders. After being shunned during the graduates' song, he is attacked by a leo pard seal. After escaping, he befriends a group of Adelie Penguins called â€Å"the Amigos†, who embrace Mumble's dance moves and assimilate him into their group.After seeing a hidden human excavatorin an avalanche, they opt to ask Lovelace, aRockhopper Penguin, about its origin. Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck, which he claims to have been bestowed upon him by mystic beings.For the emperor penguins, it is mating season and Gloria is the center of attention.Ramon tries to help Mumble win her affection by singing a Spanish version of â€Å"My Way†, with Mumble lip syncing. When Gloria sees Ramon behind Mumble's back, she becomes angry and turns away. As a last resort, Mumble begins tap dancing in synch with her song.She falls for him and all the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing to â€Å"Boogie Wonderland†. The elders are appalled by Mumble's conduct, which they see as the reason for their lean fishing season .Memphis begs Mumble to stop dancing, for his own sake, but when Mumble refuses, he is banished.Mumble and the Amigos return to Lovelace, only to find him being choked by the plastic rings. Lovelace confesses they were snagged on him while swimming off the forbidden shores, beyond the land of the elephant seals.Not long into their journey, they are met by Gloria, who wishes to join with Mumble as his mate. Fearing for her safety, he ostracizes Gloria, driving her away.At the forbidden shore, the group finds a fishing boat. Mumble pursues it solo to the brink of exhaustion.He is eventually washed up on the shore of Australia, where he is rescued and kept at Marine World with Magellanic Penguins. After a long and secluded confinement in addition to fruitlessly trying to communicate with the humans, he nearly succumbs to madness. When a girl attempts to interact with Mumble by tapping the glass, he starts dancing, which attracts a large crowd.He is released back into the wild, with a t racking device attached to his back. He returns to his colony and challenges the will of the elders. Memphis reconciles with him, just as a research team arrives, proving the aliens to be true. The whole of the colony, even Noah, engages in dance.The research team returns their expedition footage, prompting a worldwide debate. The governments realize they are overfishing, leading to the banning of all Antarctic fishing. At this, the Emperor Penguins and the Amigos celebrate. In the final scene, a baby penguin is seen dancing next to Mumble and Gloria, revealed to be their son Erik in Happy Feet Two.

Issued of the ligalization of drugs Research Paper

Issued of the ligalization of drugs - Research Paper Example Illegalization of various drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and heroin creates a major social problem and conflicts in the society thus making the government lose substantial financial resources annual. The government should therefore legalize the use of drugs and create effective systems that are easy to manage in order to curb the menace s the discussion below portrays. Legalizing drugs has more advantages than the current state of affairs has. Some of the illegal drugs have medicinal value a feature that continues to enhance their usage. A drug like marijuana is among the most commonly abused dug in the United States. Users of such rugs cite its medicinal value. As such, the government should make marijuana a prescription drug a feature that would ease access to such drugs thus limiting the violence and crime often associated with the illegal outfits that peddle the drugs. â€Å"Decriminalization of drugs would lower the cost of regulating the use of the drugs in the society since it creates systematic structures for the supervision of the industry† (Leuw and Marshall 89). Legalizing the drug would lower the cost of sustaining the various law enforcement agencies in the country. As stated earlier, the government spends billions of taxpayers’ money in running various police outfits and correctional facilities most of which are strained by the high number of drug offenders â€Å"most of the inmates in penitentiaries have drug related cases. Marijuana is the most common case in the prisons† (Husak 121). This implies that by legalizing such a simple drug as marijuana, the government would save billions of dollars for use in other sectors of the economy thus enhancing the economic growth in the country. The reduction in the pressure in such facilities would create room for the effective and efficient management of the prisons thus enhancing the creation of a cohesive

Policy implications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy implications - Research Paper Example In addition, there is a need to have staff selection and recruitment process put in place. This goes hand in hand with training and quality control process. Focusing on viability of the proposed program, there will a challenge to expand and develop the existing body of research evidence, so the effective elements of the cognitive behavioral models can be specified, and then used to improve the program models further.   Implementation of the programBefore implementation of the program at Birmingham Community Base Facility (female facility), interpreted time series design will be utilized. This will be used to strengthen before-and-after designs. Data will be collected at multiple instances over time before and after the intervention is introduced in order to detect whether the intrusion has an effect considerably greater than the existing programs. This design has an advantage in that it allows the statistical examination of possible biases in the approximation of the effect of the interventions. Some of the potential biases may include:Secular trend- the outcome may be in a way decreasing or decreasing with time. This can be in terms of having observations increasing before intervention and this can wrongfully attribute the experimental effect to the intrusion if a before-and-after study was to be performed. Duration of the intervention- it is possible that the intervention may have an effect for the first two or three months only after its introduction; data obtained yearly would not identify this effect.  ... It is also apparent that the policy makers and the directors will also have to assess how suitable the proposed program is to their clients and program environment. Another apparent program challenge is on how to promote technology transfer in order to make the program most effective model. For example, the policy makers and program directors will have to establish the suitable technology to employ in order to support the program. This may come in terms of assessing necessary software to be used by the program staff. In addition, there is a need to have staff selection and recruitment process put in place. This goes hand in hand with training and quality control process. Focusing on viability of the proposed program, there will a challenge to expand and develop the existing body of research evidence, so the effective elements of the cognitive behavioral models can be specified, and then used to improve the program models further. Implementation of the program Before implementation of the program at Birmingham Community Base Facility (female facility), interpreted time series design will be utilized. This will be used to strengthen before-and-after designs. Data will be collected at multiple instances over time before and after the intervention is introduced in order to detect whether the intrusion has an effect considerably greater than the existing programs. This design has an advantage in that it allows the statistical examination of possible biases in the approximation of the effect of the interventions. Some of the potential biases may include: Secular trend- the outcome may be in a way decreasing or decreasing with time. This can be in terms of having observations increasing before

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE Term Paper - 1

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE - Term Paper Example From the different social reforms to organization of nursing programs, technology has taken the larger proportion of social changes in nursing (American Nurses Association, 2010, p. 130). According to the study, distance education is the answer to the nursing shortage being experienced in the United States in a way that students see distance education learning system associated with flexibility of learning in terms of time and place, access to more resources, more and varied teaching and learning strategies and individuation of learning (Carlton, Siktberg, Flowers & Scheibel, 2003). However, studies also find out that level of satisfaction was not as high compared to students who are involved in active learning and discussion. Other participants of the study even believed that learnings acquired through distance education are of poor quality and little educational value as there is laxity of human interaction or contact. Meanwhile, distance education also affects patient care and safety. Distance education has broadened the number of patients who will received medical and nursing care. Distance education can offer nursing care in the underserved population, who because of geographical, employment, and family responsibilities, cannot avail health services offered in the rural area. Patient’s safety in traveling to the healthcare areas is preserved as people have no longer have to go in far away areas. Economic crisis in U.S. began in 1990s and more women intend to enter a workforce capable of supporting the cost of living with fewer days of work but more money generated (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 21). Shortage of nurses are experienced and advancement made in technology has increased health care costs. Thus, the professional nursing organization has the responsibility to uplift the standards of nursing profession and addressed the nursing shortage despite economic crisis. Likewise,

Essay on the topic of validity in Qualitative research

On the topic of validity in Qualitative research - Essay Example Hence to be able to gain these reliable results triangulation has also been implemented. The benefits of triangulation have been mentioned further in the paper. A paradigm can have various meanings. It refers to â€Å"your basic beliefs† and your approach to the world which affects the way you define your research and how you collect and analyse data (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 47). The research approaches that can be used in studies comprise of a mixture of both the â€Å"phenomenological paradigm† which is also referred to as a â€Å"qualitative† approaches and the â€Å"positivistic paradigm† also known as the â€Å"quantitative† approach (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 47). â€Å"Phenomenological† is based on the word â€Å"phenomenon† which means a fact that happened or an event that was witnessed. With the phenomenological approach the focus is on â€Å"understanding the human behaviour from the participant’s own frame of reference† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 53). As this approach is related to an event within a context of time and place, the aim is to investigate an event by carrying out your own research to â€Å"construct new theory to explain the phenomenon† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, pp. 56-57) or use existing theory. The aim and focus with this approach is â€Å"on the quality and depth of data† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, pp. 56-57). With the positivistic paradigm, the emphasis is on using measurement to find out the relationships between facts and causes of the phenomenon. This is â€Å"an essential element of the research process under this paradigm† (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 57). This approach is useful when there is a need to conduct statistical analysis (Collis & Hussey, 2003, p. 56). A positivistic approach will be used and the researcher will be independent, will not be influenced by the subject of research, and will

Rules that the baby boomers rejected Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rules that the baby boomers rejected - Essay Example The Vietnam War was one of the costliest war in terms of resources and human loss that America has ever engaged in. Moreso, it was an unnecessary war because America does not have to engage Vietnam in conflict. American involvement in the war was not a matter of security threat but rather an ideological differences with the communist as they attempted to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam to contain communism. It was viewed by the Vietnamese instead as a colonial takeover instead of ideological containment and fought American soldiers. It was a costly war for America in terms of human lives and resources. Back in the United States, the war also did not have a popular support from the baby boomer dominated population. The liberal and â€Å"hippie peace† environment during that time prevailed with the milieu of Beatles song calling for love, peace and equality instead of war. Protest after protest headed and populated by the boomers ensued during the Vietnam War until the government stopped the war and suffered a humiliating loss. Another meaningful protest that the baby boomers engaged in was the counterculture protest. Counterculture was the rule at that time. As the baby boomers matured, they began to resist the consumerist suburban indulgence. In a way, it was a spiritual age as people tended to root back to the basics and essentials of life. Instead of engaging in mundane endeavors, the baby boomers called on for the â€Å"social, economic and political equality and justice for many disadvantaged groups: African-Americans, young people, women, gays and lesbians, American Indians and Hispanics† (history.com 2013). Without the baby boomers counterculture protest movement concept such as womens liberation, American sense of equality and justice, equal pay for equal work, non-discriminatory workplace and others socially important issues would not have prospered to be adopted by the

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction Essay

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction - Essay Example Most of those who are affected are the poor because the drug is much cheaper and the effects last longer than those of cocaine. Cruickshank and Dyer (2009) explain that the chemicals used in making the drug have toxic waste that is quite explosive. The toxins that remain behind after cooking methamphetamine are also risky to those who stay in the neighborhood where methamphetamine laboratories previously existed. For total cleanliness of such laboratories, there should be complete overhaul of the structure with absorbent materials like carpets being destroyed together with sinks, drains and toilets and after the new structures have been fitted, thorough inspection should be carried out by a qualified health worker. The rehabilitation and treatment of the addicts is dependent on the attitude of the health workers. This is also affected by the existence of myths surrounding the treatment of addicts. Some beliefs state that whether addicts seek treatment or not, they still continue usin g the drug. This however improves with the health workers realizing that the treatment involves doing away with the involuntary desire to continue using the drug. The treatment process requires referrals for psychiatric treatment. When there is commitment on the part of the addict and the health care provider, addiction of methamphetamine is treatable. Assessment and management of withdrawal symptoms is important in the recovery process. The objective of the study is to determine whether emergency health departments address issues related to health including drug abuse. Also it determines whether health centers in Kansas have policies put in place to provide care and treatment to addicts.... addition to the availability of formal protocols. Proper application of the above provisions will reduce the health, financial and environmental effects of the drug. The findings of the study help in making the public aware of the fact that the location of a hospital does not influence acquisition of quality health care unless the facility is equipped with adequate facilities. Those practicing nursing should also know that the process of taking good care of addicts is fundamental in their recovery and that the notion of addiction being a voluntary decision is largely misguided. They should also formulate and implement policies consistently for effective treatment so as to avoid the destructive effects of addiction.The study is however limited because of the use of telephones for interviews. Therefore, there is no surety that the person answering the call is the best representative of the emergency department of the specific health facility. The sample size is small and may fail in so me respects adequately represent the population.

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE - Essay Example He also threatened to injure maim her. The historical and the current standing posed beyond doubt that Marcia’s life was in great jeopardy and she needed redemption. The case also fulfills the requirement that the aggressor is not the defendant. The deceased aggressed the defendant’s myriad times thus attributing to the retaliation by his wife, Marcia. The obligation of applying just sufficient force in the defense as required by the law was not achievable because the husband threats were recurrent and he would justice only she shut her up for good. Marcia Norman option to end the life of her husband was pegged on her mission to save her life-perfect self-defense, and therefore was legally right. The eminent past and continuous history of mal-abuse by her husband would not allow limited room for her right of freedom from harm (Leverick, 2009). The courts would factually consider immense psychological distress and trauma that Marcia had undergone. According to a witness from the case, after she was asked whether she thought it was correct for Marcia to shoot her husband, she admits that from the examination and the assessment of her records and psychological files, it was exclusively fine for her to do so. She adds that Norman Marcia assumed herself doomed from the torture she endured from her husband. She had a perception of persecution ahead due to the immense social degradation and demeaning that her husband accorded her, and recognized that her death was probably not avoidable in future. The witness also notes the fact that Ms Marcia had attempted suicide before and there was a conviction that she would not succeed in her struggle against her unwavering husband. The witness notes that she believed that the defendant had grown insecure to an extent that he could not have any sense of attachment to her family. She could not run away from the deceased due to his immense power and

Mobile Application for City Target Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile Application for City Target - Case Study Example E-commerce is an area that has grown tremendously. People can carry out transactions online. Various businesses have gone online for a number of reasons. First and foremost, e-commerce provides one with a platform to reach a larger customer base. A customer can purchase items from a different country from the comfort of their couch. This is made easier by the fact that internet users can access the internet from their mobile phones. For this reason then, it is crucial for businesses to create an online mobile application system that will ensure quality service provision to the customer. City Target is a state street store that deals with a range of products amongst them food, clothes and other household items (ABC, p.1). Through an online business system, the store is set to increase its profit margin. Through the use of a mobile application system, the store stands a better chance of easily reaching more of its customer. Specifically, looking at the professional clothes sale, the st ore can implement several options that can contribute to better service delivery. Online clothes shopping can prove to be challenging since a shopper has to take into considerations many things. Unlike physically shopping for clothes, with online shopping, a customer cannot try out the clothes to see whether they fit well or determine the material’s texture and whether it is to their liking. ... e anytime and anywhere, directly sending advertising and promotional information, better in-store navigation and enhancing customers’ ability to browse order and pay for products using their mobile phones (GS1 MobileCom 9). In shopping for clothes online, web applications have managed to support only basic functions. Some of the problems that a customer experiences include poor fit, mismatch of color and bad drape. This has an adverse effect on the business since the customer will be hesitant to buy a product next time because of dissatisfaction (Beck, p.1). Physically, these problems are catered for through the use of mannequins. Thanks to technological advancement, web applications have been manipulated to counter this problem. These applications cater for garment design, sizing and pattern derivation (Cordier 1). One such application is the 3D graphics technology. This technology offers a range of interactive operations. A shopper is able to adjust a 3D mannequin according to their body’s measurement, select and try different garment items and resize the garment to a mannequin. Furthermore, the application offers real time simulation with respect to garment movement. One store that has successfully used this application is Fits.Me clothes store. Through the store’s virtual room, shoppers are able to create a robotic mannequin with their dimensions and use it to fit clothes (Apparel, p.1). As a result, the company has increased its new customers’ sales by 57% (Fits.Me, p.1). By integrating such an application, City Target is assured of increasing its market base as it offers quality service to its customer. Secondly, City Target could also apply artificial intelligence systems. These systems are created to operate as human intelligence. They are similar to