The Most Imporanf The Tsars Fall From Power. :: essays research papers

Although some of the causes of the Tsars fall from power seem more fundamental than others, it is hard to choose a most important cause because each cause links into a nonher, which leads into some other. However I have come up with two causes which I think were the most important in the downfall of the Tsar. One was a long-term cause, the foundations of all the other causes, without which the country would not have been in such a bad state. The second integrity is a short-term cause, which tipped the balance into the Revolution and subsequently the Tsars fall from power. The long-term cause is, Rominov mis-rule, and the short-term trigger is the 1st World War. The mis-rule of Russia by the Rominovs had been outlet on for many, many years, coming to a head with the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Rominovs especially Nicholas 2nd believed that they were appointed by G-d to rule the country, and that whatever they thought, must be right. This led them to rule the country for their own interests and for the interests of the rich and important, not for the interests of most of the population, the peasants. The Tsar didnt listen to the peasants or most of his ministers, appointing and firing them at will. The Tsar, by not listening to his people or caring about their needs, helped Russia to stay very stintingally backwards when compared to the rest of the world. This helps to link into the cause of social and economic hardships, another important cause.Many people believe that the influence of Rasputin was the reason that the Tsar fell from power, but I dont agree. Rasputin was an important factor in the lead upto the rotary motion and consequently the downfall of the Tsar. He was a rough, smelly peasant, who indulged in lots of sexual acts. The peasants resented him because he seemed to represent what was wrong with Russia. He was uncouth, showing the poor economic state of Russia and the poorness of the majority of its population. He was wild, showing the wa y that the Cossacks kept order and he was suspected of having an unfair with the Tsarina, degrading the royal family. However it was not Rasputin alone as some people think, that was the problems. It was the way that the media and Opposition groups portrayed him. However these still lead back to my original cause, Rominov mis-rule.

ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT :: Essays Papers

ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT solely Quiet on the occidental Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque is a beginning(a) hand experience account of the war. The horror of the war and Remarques make terrifying experiences and memories would certainly have effected what he wrote. All Quiet on the Western Front was published in March 1929, London. The late publication of the reinvigorated may have been due to the grief and trauma that Remarque experience in the war. All Quite on the Western Front was written for the millions of men who fought for their countries. Remarques intent, is to recount the pain and misery that the soldiers experienced during the war and to acknowledge their remarkable courage. Remarque does not key any specific country or nationality in his book, in order for in all soldiers to be identified as a whole, they all had the same goals and experienced the same fears, regardless of their nationality. A generation of men who were destroyed by war Remarques comment would have been prompted by his own experiences of war and how he, like all soldiers were a generation destroyed by patriarchy, they fought for the love of their country. Even though they have break loose its shells, (they) were destroyed by war. Remarque means that they may have escaped the battle physically, but emotionally they are unable to escape the horror and the lasting effects of the brutality of war. Paul and Kat were two characters in the novel that represented the typical 20th century soldier. They dealt with malnourished and dealt with disease and death e genuinelyday, like most soldiers they had to come to terms with life at war and in the trenches. The soldiers changed a great deal, each day they had to become stronger and stronger as the war became more brutal. Comrade companionship is the one thing that kept the soldiers from falling completely apart. They strongly relied on one another to help them when injured, mentally and physically. They helped eachot her by cooperating and sharing food. The soldiers minds were re-adjusted due to the war and they knew that fate was in their own hands and the hands of their comrades. Paul felt truly at home on the front. He was seen as somewhat of a hero. He had a very difficult time readjusting when he was injured and sent home.

Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Lewis Carrol

Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland 1.IntroductionThere are several reasons why I pretend chosen the adjudge Alices Adventures in Wonderland as the issuing for my term piece. The main reason is that I have been fascinated by Alices adventures as a serial on TV since I was about six geezerhood old. I was curious about the overworked rabbit, racked by brain about how Alice would unless be equal to reach the golden key on the table and I got even more nervous when I saw the Queen than the Knaves of police van did. What I did non understand then was that Alice has fallen asleep in the beginning and all she is experiencing is only a dream. However, my illusion has been destroyed when I setoff aim the earmark at the age of about 12 and I must admit it was then when I lost some of my fascination for Alice.As I read the adjudge again as a preparation for the Proseminar a few months ago I soon started to focus on a certain prognosis which I could not let go of and wh ich brought back my fascination for Alices Adventures. It is also the reason I have chosen this topic for my term paper I am very much interested in the circumstances of the time, in this case the Victorian Age, and the various influences on a mortal identical Lewis Carroll in connection with his ability to create such a powerful, imaginative and take inive idea of a wonderland. I would like to live on what kind of person can make up such a story? I have chosen the title Inventing Wonderland, which is the name of a book by Jackie Wullschlger, because it scarcely expresses the focus of my term paper. I hazard the reason why I am interested in this aspect is the following some three years ago I stayed one year as an Au Pair for a family in Rhode Island. It took me a while to discover how to attract the attention of a 4-year-old, his name was Carter, when the situation required it to be calm. But I placed young Carter as an additional friend of his favourite casing Winnie the P ooh in the focus of a new Pooh-plot and tried to invent an exciting story with dangerous adventures as he sat on my lap earreach more cautiously than he had ever done before. I was successful, but of course and without understatement my stories were not in the least as fanciful and imaginative as Carrolls, not to consult were they worth publishing. And it was exactly this situation, Carter sitting on my lap, that I ... ...As I have already claimed above, I think it is important survive at least some idea of the Zeitgeist, in which a book was written, in order to understand its significance. From my point of view, being interested in the backcloth factors of an authors life and era not only helps to get a better understanding of the meaning of a book, but it also makes me regard it more. I think everyone acts and speaks according to what he or she is influenced by. If this is determining for the value a book is another question, but I think it is important that it is up to eve ryone if he or she would like to know more about the author. 7. BibliographyBlake, Kathleen. Play, Games, and Sport. The Literary works of Lewis Carroll. London Cornell University Press. 1974.Carroll, Lewis. Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Stuttgart Reclam, 1984. http//www.alice-in-wonderland.net . 25/01/05Schwab, Gabriele. The Mirror and the Killer-Queen. Otherness in Literary Language. Bloomington inch University Press, 1996.Wullschlger, Jackie. Inventing Wonderland. The Lives of Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, J.M. Barrie, Kenneth Grahame and A.A. Milne. Rev.ed. London Methuen, 2001. Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Lewis CarrolLewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland 1.IntroductionThere are several reasons why I have chosen the book Alices Adventures in Wonderland as the topic for my term paper. The main reason is that I have been fascinated by Alices adventures as a series on TV since I was about six years old. I was curious about the overworked rabbit, racked by brain about how Alice would only be able to reach the golden key on the table and I got even more nervous when I saw the Queen than the Knaves of Hearts did. What I did not understand then was that Alice has fallen asleep in the beginning and all she is experiencing is only a dream. However, my illusion has been destroyed when I first read the book at the age of about 12 and I must admit it was then when I lost some of my fascination for Alice.As I read the book again as a preparation for the Proseminar a few months ago I soon started to focus on a certain aspect which I could not let go of and which brought back my fascination for Alices Adventures. It is also the reason I have chosen this topic for my term paper I am very much interested in the circumstances of the time, in this case the Victorian Age, and the various influences on a person like Lewis Carroll in connection with his ability to create such a powerful, imaginative and attractive idea of a wonderland. I would like to know what kind of person can make up such a story? I have chosen the title Inventing Wonderland, which is the name of a book by Jackie Wullschlger, because it precisely expresses the focus of my term paper. I think the reason why I am interested in this aspect is the following About three years ago I stayed one year as an Au Pair for a family in Rhode Island. It took me a while to discover how to attract the attention of a 4-year-old, his name was Carter, when the situation required it to be calm. But I placed young Carter as an additional friend of his favourite character Winnie the Pooh in the centre of a new Pooh-plot and tried to invent an exciting story with dangerous adventures as he sat on my lap listening more carefully than he had ever done before. I was successful, but of course and without understatement my stories were not in the least as fanciful and imaginative as Carrolls, not to mention were they worth publishing. And it was exactly this situation, Carter sitting on my lap, that I ... ...As I have already claimed above, I think it is important get at least some idea of the Zeitgeist, in which a book was written, in order to understand its significance. From my point of view, being interested in the background factors of an authors life and era not only helps to get a better understanding of the meaning of a book, but it also makes me appreciate it more. I think everyone acts and speaks according to what he or she is influenced by. If this is determining for the value a book is another question, but I think it is important that it is up to everyone if he or she would like to know more about the author. 7. BibliographyBlake, Kathleen. Play, Games, and Sport. The Literary works of Lewis Carroll. London Cornell University Press. 1974.Carroll, Lewis. Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Stuttgart Reclam, 1984. http//www.alice-in-wonderland.net . 25/01/05Schwab, Gabriele. The Mirror and the Killer-Queen. Otherness in Literar y Language. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1996.Wullschlger, Jackie. Inventing Wonderland. The Lives of Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, J.M. Barrie, Kenneth Grahame and A.A. Milne. Rev.ed. London Methuen, 2001.

Violent Behavior In Society Essay -- essays research papers

Violent Behavior in SocietyIt gained through violent behavior is only temporary and it lasts until thetime of revenge comes around. forcefulness was extol hundreds of years ago. Back then it was a form of apure entertainment. We know how among ancient Romans, gladiators (usually slavesor captives trained for the purpose),fought with swords or other weapons at unrestricted "shows". The more harm the gladiators inflicted the bigger hero he was,and the more respect he gained. All the crimes they committed were cond id,accepted and glorified.Today it seems like instead of gladiators we pay off boxers. Is box just asport, or another way of violent behavior, that is not only accepted by societybut also in many ways glorified? Do we glorify boxing (most of the time bloodyshows) because it is entertaining, or maybe because it is a multi-milion dollarbusiness? The scenery of boxing is broken bones, black and blue faces,blood...The more severe the fight the more exited and happy th e audience seemsto be. Violence simply stimulates people. Big glory comes when one passes verbotenYES...here is the hero What is the message here? It is, we will like youmore since you are physically stronger, and we will respect you because we areafraid of you. That is again, a wrong message.Violence is glorified the most throught media, violent movies, TV shows andnewspaper sensationalism.THERE SEEMES TO BE A NEED FOR VIOLNCE IN SOCIETYViolent movies are born one after another &...

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds breed to be a arising for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the benignant population is nave 1,2(1)) (Seasonal grippe epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide 1(4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks accountable for substantial fatality rate and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is virtuoso of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In direct to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means 1(15)) (Protection against influenza virus is pr imarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) 2,3) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can vex the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit 7-10, weaken 11,12, and inactivated influenza vaccines14 are for sale although the inactivated ones are the most widely apply in the commercial scale 6. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated cowardlys egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus timeworn In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 strong point. The dilutions 104 to108 were used in our assay. The specialty from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 minute of arc at room temperature.Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40C water bath until use. avocation the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium.Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27C humidied incubator for 710 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, BirdsInfluenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is nave 1,2(1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide 1(4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means 1(15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) 2,3) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza va ccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit 7-10, attenuated 11,12, and inactivated influenza vaccines14 are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale 6. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chickens egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 104 to108 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40C water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium.Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27C humidied incubator for 710 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds go by to be a microbe for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the humane population is nave 1,2(1)) (Seasonal flu epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide 1(4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks liable for substantial fatality rate and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is nonpareil of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In tell apart to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means 1(15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primari ly mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) 2,3) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit economic HA-specific systemic antibody, which can fix the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit 7-10, weaken 11,12, and inactivated influenza vaccines14 are getable although the inactivated ones are the most widely apply in the commercial scale 6. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated yellow(a)s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus blood line In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 spiritualist. The dilutions 104 to108 were used in our a ssay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40C water bath until use. future(a) the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium.Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27C humidied incubator for 710 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, BirdsInfluenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is nave 1,2(1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemic s are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide 1(4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means 1(15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) 2,3) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit effi cient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit 7-10, attenuated 11,12, and inactivated influenza vaccines14 are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale 6. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chickens egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 104 to108 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40C water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incuba tion, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium.Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27C humidied incubator for 710 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)

Discuss the emergence of realism in theatre

Theatre and Performance Lecturer Ms Marcelle Theuma First term Discuss the emergence of realism in theatre at the turn of the twentieth century and how you think it influenced playwrights like Anton Chekhov, Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg and George Bernard Shaw. Miriana Borg Second year Group 2A Realism in the theatre was a general movement in the afterward 19th century that steered theatrical texts and performances toward greater fidelity to real life.The realist dramatists Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg in Scandinavia and Anton Chekhov in Russia, and George Bernard Shaw, rejected the complex and artificial lotting of the well-made play and rather treated themes and conflicts belonging to a real, contemporary society. Henrik Ibsen was born in Norway in 1828. His mature work may be read as an effort to add to terms with reality, the reality of his early life and the reality of society as a whole. Ibsen is perhaps best hunchn for eight plays he wrote in Italy and Germany. By separating himself physically from his homeland, he gained the freedom and perspective to criticize it.Ibsen embarked on a series of realistic prose plays exposing contemporary problems in contemporary Norwegian settings. Concentrating directly on Norwegian society, he addressed universal concerns, for the social problems that provide the context for these plays were instantly recognizable to audiences. Among them the question of womens rights in A Doll House (1879), hereditary lues in Ghosts (1881), and municipal corruption in An Enemy of the People (1882). Ibsens realistic plays take place in three-dimensional rooms, rather than against tlat painted or architectural backdrops.Strindberg, and Chekhov all(prenominal) found a different dramatic model potential in the realistic mode evolved by Ibsen. Of the three, the Irish-born George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) most fully acknowledged his debt to Ibsen. Shaw believed that Ibsen fundamentally had modify the theatrical formula drawn from the French Boulevard plays by incorporating a new intellectual vigor in them. George Bernard Shaw was born in 1856 and he was know for his witty humor. He made fun of societes notion using for the purpose of educating and changing. His plays tended to show the accepted attitude, then demolished attitude while showing his experience solutions.Some of his works include Arms and the Man (1894) which is about love nd war and honor and Pygmalion (1913) which shows the transforming of a flower girl into a society woman, and exposes the phoniness of society. Chekhov is known to a greater extent for poetic expiration and symbolism, compelling psychological reality, people trapped in social situations, hope in hopeless situations. He claimed that he wrote comedies others think they ar sad and tragic. Characters in ChekhoVs plays seem to have a fate that is a direct result of what they are. His plays have an illusion of plotlessness.

Case Attrition Essay

Case attrition is the failure of hints to come to trial less than half of every(prenominal) felony arrests result in conviction (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). Basically, case attrition is when an arrest does non end in a trial conviction, which happens quite often in the court judge system. The effect case attrition has on the criminal justice system effects all levels of the criminal justice process, because an arrest or no arrest affects all aspects of the criminal justice process. Law enforcement officers can develop negative feelings about the justice system and feel that their work is not getting noticed. The high levels of case attrition in modern systems shows that the criminal law has very substantial limitations as a direct crime withstand such as, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.Criminal convictions and penalties deserved punishment and reinforce important societal denunciation, but if these penal consequences are imposed according to procedure that are w idely perceived as fair and just. Attrition can get rid of individuals in the over-worked justice system that were arrested that either had a problem with the legality of the arrest or it was the result of an overworked, or bad officer in a situation where an arrest was not necessary (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). When these cases are removed from the justice system, it is possible for attorneys and judges to be able to focus on more serious crimes.ReferenceMeyer, J & Grant, D. (2003) The Courts in Our Criminal Justice System

‘Fish!’

FISH -Stephen Lundin, Harry Paul, Jon Christensen There is always a choice astir(predicate) the way you do your spiel, even if there is not a choice about the take a shit itself A very powerful statement. As a person with a work experience of a twin of years this sentence would adopt changed the way i approached my work and things related to me. Thats why this book connected with me from the very beginning.The story of the book revolves close to the story of Mary Jane Ramirez and her work and how an accidental visit to a Fish commercialise place changed the way an entire department at an office as soundly she changed their style of working at work and improved relationships at home. As in the book the main character Mary a person pricy at heart & mother of 2 children after the death of her husband lives a life wherein she is bothered more about the job security preferably than beingness firm and taking risks. With her transfer as a head of Operations department, a drea ded department in every sense for being unresponsive, unpleasant, negative.In fact it is referred to as toxin energy dump. She feels the need to bring about a change in the department for its revival. A visit to a Fish Market and in particular a store named popularly known as the Pike Place Fish Market where she sees that the workers selling Fish enjoy the work they do & have a lot of fun doing so and alike play along the way and involve good deal around in their activities. herein the character of Lonnie comes into picture. He is worker at the store and enjoys his job. At this point Lonnie explains Mary the reason for the energy visible at the place. He says that there ar 4 segments that make this place run.He tells her only 1 principle followed and that of Choose Your posture. Mary impressed with the advice sought more data from her boss blossom (a person she did not have friendly relationship) and got a few insights from David Whytes poem which changed her for the better. Sh e knew it was time for change. She went finished even more materials like that by tail Gardener and Sarah Ban Breathnachs Simple Abundance. At the end of it she knew that had to be the leader who believed in herself and bring about the change. The very concept of Choose Your Attitude was applied by her to her own thinking and then explained to her staff.The staff agreed about the problems of the department and gave reasons for their behavior. But she had shown them a way of revival. The staff to a fault mat the need for the change and found a leader who actually cared for them. They decided to take it in a positive way and the result was seen in the lift where a poster of Choose Your Attitude was put up. The change had begun. With added confidence Mary along with her kids Brad and Stacy visited the market again when they learned the second ingredient of accept. A value which was displayed by a kid, which adults need to learn enjoy their work.This taught that a lot can be learn ed from kids. Having fun doesnt take the seriousness out of the business but unity enjoys what one and only(a) does and achieves targets. The third ingredient in creating a high-energy world famous market was Make Their Day. It was showcased by a co-worker at the store named Wolf giving the trio a fish each and was also seen when people were involved in their daily activities of the shop. The people enjoyed being a part of it to the fullest. That indeed made their day and made them happier. also focusing ones attention on ways to make another persons day provided a constant flow of positive feelings.The fourth ingredient Be Present by displayed by the workers in the way they interacted with the customers and remained attentive and interested in answering the queries of their clients. Mary decided to take her staff for the field trip and made them have a firsthand experience of the fish market and her entire staff was inspired and they were given time to think about their learning and think about the ways to implement it at workplace. The fact that a few of the staff members actually visited the fish market showed that they were influenced by the idea. They took their families along with them and they enjoyed the time spent.With most of the employees inspired by process it was decided to create teams based on each of the 4 ingredients and they were given all needed the required support by Mary. separately of the teams presented their reports on each of the topics. Each team drafted their topic by enlisting what all would be the benefits of Play and how these could be implemented in the Office. The team Play made the members take part in a game in which circles cut from coloured paper and people stepped on them along with the music. The benefits and implementation was shown through this.The make their day team divided the entire group into various teams. Each team was given fifteen minutes to develop strategies for supporting and enhancing the work of a key group of people. A customer survey was used as input data for the same, which took many of them by shock. The winning team which gave the dress hat suggestion was given symbolic mementos. Next The Present Moment Team which made the employees to relax and had inspired reading took place in the entire hall. Also a number of experiences of individual employees were shared. The team decided to resolve on a few changes for better functioning.Finally The Choose Your Attitude Team made a presentation which was brief and to the point. They decided to distribute books which would inspire individuals and have discussions on them. The strategy got implemented throughout the next year. Mary on her part too decided against quitting her job as she was confident of bringing about a change to the department and in its people. Exactly a year later the item had changed and the department was one of the most sought after places in the company. Mary was awarded with the Chairwomans Award for her work . The icing on the cake was the finding of a life partner in Lonnie.The character played of Mary is a person who has lost a few qualities along the way due to family circumstances. She rises from it and makes the workplace better for her as well as other employees present. She experiences change first hand with the relationship between her boss and also her employees. Lonnies character is also central to the passage. He explained Mary the various aspects of the 4 ingredients so that she could implement it at her workplace. The book has a message in each and every incidence. The defeat with jobs is experienced by all. The principles which have been mentioned have truly enriched me.The principles of Choose Your Attitude, Play, Make Their Day, Be Present are something which i get out like to apply in my daily activities in office as well as college. The approach of not quitting a job in which one is unhappy but making it a better place for oneself and the people around in utmost esse ntial. The issues mentioned are experienced by each one of us including me and the 4 ingredients provide the key to success. Along with that the resolution of Mary Jane to bring up her kids is commendable. It teaches not to give up irrespective of any adventure and keep striving to achieve ones goals.Even in my daily life I get sadden by events but the book has taught me to cheer myself up and refine to change certain bad tendencies in me to avoid repeat of events. It has taught me to think about others, about their well being. It has taught me to care for others. The principle of including people around you in activities enriches the activity as a whole and also creates a bond between individuals. The book on the whole was an excellent learning experience on how through simple steps one can bring about a great deal of change in ones ad hominem as well as professional life.

Relationship Paper

A kind between ii people can arrest very different meanings. In some relationships such as two lovers, they can also be best of friends because they sh be some characteristics and qualities and have a good judgement of individually other. A relationship between a parent and child has a special bond because they share love, and affection for each other no matter what the circumstances are in that location forget always be some connection, even at its worst times. However, there are times when a relationship can go bad because there is no understanding, lack of communication, and a feeling of distance in the relationship.This may take place from mistakes or misunderstood acts from one another. It is believed that the parent-child relationship is the most influential relationship that there is. As of right straightway I believe that this is the relationship I must analyze much in-depth to get a full understanding of it and to just improve my daily action with them, but in ad journicular my generate. My mother, the wishs of most Hispanics in her generation, did not grow up with half of the worldly-minded devices and privileges that I have had when growing up. She has come from a home that was riddled of inebriant and drug abuse.Even with those distractions at home she still managed to get straight As, so she says, and has had a job throughout her life since the age of 16. She says if it wasnt for married couple and having kids she would not have dropped out of college, but she was comfortable where her family was heading and had do that decision. My mother is someone to look up to in my books because of her overcoming of obstacles that had stood in front of her give care it was just taking another breath of air, and for my father, I dont even want to arrest on that description.Ill just leave it at that it is a privilege that Im even walking this planet today. I believe my mother perceives me as taking the resources I have around me for granted. T hat I am just going through the motion of school and life and not tackling it like she did and still does. She sees an unemployed 20 year old at a junior college that has had recent trouble with the law. I am not putting up the biggest argument against her because I know I could be doing to a greater extent than to be excelling further in school and cosmos more(prenominal) amenable for my own actions. I dont think she fully understands the commitment of being in ootball during school. It really is like having a job year-round that gives you a 2 month break yearly. I know she gets her perceptions on what she hears at break away at the sheriffs department, which does not help, or what she sees on the news on television. So I believe her ideas on what people my age is a lower-ranking bias. To overcome these perceptions and to better our relationship I believe we can snuff it with each other more than we are now. Telling her more information just to the highest degree what goe s on and what I am doing in my life can more likely give her a better idea on who I am or who I am on track of becoming.Telling her more and more of what I am doing and disclosing my-self, I believe can make her feel more comfortable with me. By self-disclosing my-self it can give her assurance with what kind of someone I am. With the way things are going between us right now I can only imagine who she thinks I am. When a mother does not know much about his son you can see as to why they can get carried away with ideas on who they might be but not who they are. However, there also might be some things that she sees about me that I dont realize myself.Those mother-to-child instincts are still a wonder to us all. She might see something about me that whenever I am in a serious relationship I seem to be more stressed, or that i am calm with her in our conversations. My emotions on the way I converse with her tell her a lot about myself. Emotion worry is essential to maintaining a hea lthy relationship. For example, if I failed a mid-term that day and she does not know, she cannot bring in for the negative responses, if any, to her questions and she most likely would not want to hold a conversation with me.She can start to attain an idea that I am not consistent with who I am and lead up to fewer conversations to build on our relationship. However, emotion management does have its cons. For instance, if I am not apt with something she is doing and I never express anything about it the relationship for me might start to become one-sided meaning only she is ingenious with relational content. Sometimes better-looking feedback about some ones actions is the best way to maintain a relationship. race alimentation between her and I is a must. If I want her to be appy with me then I have to put in my part. If I am just sit around the house not contributing to anything or with the household how could I see her to be happy with me. When she sees me applying myself she can have many reasons to be happy or proud with what I am doing. How can she not be if she knows I am taking advantage of the opportunities around me? For example, if I am maintaining a 3. 0 grade point average while holding a part time job and in a year-round sport like football, she should not have reason to be upset or concerned with me.Relationship PaperA relationship between two people can have very different meanings. In some relationships such as two lovers, they can also be best of friends because they share some characteristics and qualities and have a good understanding of each other. A relationship between a parent and child has a special bond because they share love, and affection for each other no matter what the circumstances are there will always be some connection, even at its worst times. However, there are times when a relationship can go bad because there is no understanding, lack of communication, and a feeling of distance in the relationship.This may occur f rom mistakes or misunderstood acts from one another. It is believed that the parent-child relationship is the most influential relationship that there is. As of right now I believe that this is the relationship I must analyze more in-depth to get a full understanding of it and to just improve my daily life with them, but in particular my mother. My mother, like most Hispanics in her generation, did not grow up with half of the materialistic devices and privileges that I have had when growing up. She has come from a home that was riddled of alcohol and drug abuse.Even with those distractions at home she still managed to get straight As, so she says, and has had a job throughout her life since the age of 16. She says if it wasnt for marriage and having kids she would not have dropped out of college, but she was comfortable where her family was heading and had made that decision. My mother is someone to look up to in my books because of her overcoming of obstacles that had stood in fro nt of her like it was just taking another breath of air, and for my father, I dont even want to start on that description.Ill just leave it at that it is a privilege that Im even walking this planet today. I believe my mother perceives me as taking the resources I have around me for granted. That I am just going through the motion of school and life and not tackling it like she did and still does. She sees an unemployed 20 year old at a junior college that has had recent trouble with the law. I am not putting up the biggest argument against her because I know I could be doing more to be excelling further in school and being more responsible for my own actions. I dont think she fully understands the commitment of being in ootball during school. It really is like having a job year-round that gives you a 2 month break yearly. I know she gets her perceptions on what she hears at work at the sheriffs department, which does not help, or what she sees on the news on television. So I believ e her ideas on what people my age is a little bias. To overcome these perceptions and to better our relationship I believe we can communicate with each other more than we are now. Telling her more information about what goes on and what I am doing in my life can more likely give her a better idea on who I am or who I am on track of becoming.Telling her more and more of what I am doing and disclosing my-self, I believe can make her feel more comfortable with me. By self-disclosing my-self it can give her assurance with what kind of person I am. With the way things are going between us right now I can only imagine who she thinks I am. When a mother does not know much about his son you can see as to why they can get carried away with ideas on who they might be but not who they are. However, there also might be some things that she sees about me that I dont realize myself.Those mother-to-child instincts are still a wonder to us all. She might see something about me that whenever I am in a serious relationship I seem to be more stressed, or that i am calm with her in our conversations. My emotions on the way I converse with her tell her a lot about myself. Emotion management is essential to maintaining a healthy relationship. For example, if I failed a mid-term that day and she does not know, she cannot prepare for the negative responses, if any, to her questions and she most likely would not want to hold a conversation with me.She can start to build an idea that I am not consistent with who I am and lead up to fewer conversations to build on our relationship. However, emotion management does have its cons. For instance, if I am not happy with something she is doing and I never express anything about it the relationship for me might start to become one-sided meaning only she is happy with relational content. Sometimes giving feedback about some ones actions is the best way to maintain a relationship.Relationship maintenance between her and I is a must. If I want he r to be appy with me then I have to put in my part. If I am just sitting around the house not contributing to anything or with the household how could I expect her to be happy with me. When she sees me applying myself she can have many reasons to be happy or proud with what I am doing. How can she not be if she knows I am taking advantage of the opportunities around me? For example, if I am maintaining a 3. 0 grade point average while holding a part time job and in a year-round sport like football, she should not have reason to be upset or concerned with me.

Performance of Sdssu in the Licensure Examination for Teachers Essay

IntroductionHigh role of allow passers contri providedes greatly to the accreditation of rearing course of chooses of a sure college or university. This, aside from adding zest within the vicinity of tame academe, is the reason why schools offering preparation courses crave for high division of LET passers (Philippine daybook of cookment, 2005). Today, prospective tutorers must clear a series of hurdles to obtain and maintain a article of faith certificate one of which is to pass the Licensure tryout for instructors (Libman, 2009). States drill licensing to ensure that the but qualified teachers can be hired. This builds anxiety not only among examinees but more so far schools who turn out prospective teachers with diametrical majors. Obviously, the subject field examination for teachers stirs free-enterprise(a) against, since it augurs possible employment, salary or appointment upgrading ranking consideration, and acceptance to the halls of DECS.In addition, im plications permeate school standards and pride for garnering honors from portion passers (Philippine journal of pedagogy, 2005). The slaying scores in the Licensure Examinations for Teachers reflect the abilities of the teacher examinees. Thus, having let out percentage of LET passers indicates low quality pre-service teacher gentility in the outlandish (Ramota, 2011). Palatino, who is a young study graduate from the University of the Philippines, fe atomic number 18d that poor procedure in LET may lead to further slide of the educational standards of the educational standards of our country. If this dread trend will not be aided, he said, the country will be seeing more classrooms with no teachers in our schools despite an oversupply of teacher education graduates who end jobless or else volunteer teachers in remote atomic number 18as (Ramota, 2011).Performance of education graduates in the Licensure Examinations for Teachers predetermine not only the competence of the gr aduates but so as the institutions where they have acquired their diplomas. This serves as the major key in accrediting education programs. Having low percentage of LET passers may lead to changing of educational programs or worse, closing of the educational programs. Hence, the lookers conduct this study to find the relationship amid the students LET deed and standard and competence of the said institution. Moreover, to develop an hindrance program that would help obtain standard results in the LET.Theoretical/ Conceptual FrameworkThis newsprint is anchored on Joe Wholeys model of program evaluation (1987) and the Education Conceptual Model. Like systems and organizational theories, Wholeys model of program evaluation pulls the characteristics of faculty and students and the extent to which curricular activities and fiscal resources influence the educational function and resultant effectiveness in goal attainment. Wholey defines a program as a set of resources and activitie s directed toward one or more goals. The linkage of resource expenditures, program activities, immediate outcomes, and ultimate goals directly relates to SDSSU and its programs performance on the Licensure examination for Teachers. If SDSSU program resources ar available, then qualified faculty will be recruited and retained to provide the necessary curricular instruction and learning activities. Given the appropriate faculty to develop and implement the curriculum and activities, students will be provided an hazard to develop the required receiveledge, skills, and behaviors appropriate for entry-level practice as teacher practitioners.If the appropriate curriculum and activities are implemented, then graduates will demonstrate the desired outcomes expected at the entry level for Licensure tests. If these learning activities and outcomes occur, then progress will be made toward the SDSSU program goals and the ultimate goal of the dogma profession. The ultimate goal of College of Teacher Education programs is to provide fitted teachers imbued with ethical values and ideals in a humane environment supportive to the national thrust for social transformation.Four teacher education program components with key predictor variables for each are identified. First, program resources (total program expenditures) must be adequate to ensure the exertion of the learning goals and outcomes. Second, at that place must be sufficient faculty (student-to-faculty ratio) with the necessary qualifications (degrees earned, teaching experience) to influence program influencees and outcomes. Third, the curriculum (didactic, laboratory, and professional person practice hours comprehensive examination) must support the entry-level competencies of professional practice and the achievement of learning goals and outcomes. Fourth, in order to graduate and enter professional practice, students (mean cumulative college GPA on admission) must be evaluated on the mightiness to demonstr ate competencies measured on the Licensure Examination for Teachers.Taking and passing the LET is the ticket to enter teaching profession which is the desire result of education students. Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) is the professional board examination given by Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) to determine who are to be allowed to teach and who are not (http//eduphil.org/how-to-pass-the-licensure-examination-for-teachers-let.html).LET performances in terms of passing scores are often perceived as the scale in measuring the quality of education of schools offering teacher education. tally to Daniel Goldhaber (2012) University of Washington researcher, licensure test performance is clearly not a silver bullet. Licensing tests are usually typography and pencil tests of subject be knowledge and on occasion, pedagogical knowledge. Multiple researches having the same findings as his, argues for a much more comprehensive system for measureing teachers to determine their preparedness to enter the classroom as restore practitioners (National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, 2012).Schematic DiagramBasis for an intervention program.Basis for an intervention program.Level of accreditation of teacher education programs.Relationship of LET performance and level of accreditation in teacher education.Level of accreditation of teacher education programs.Relationship of LET performance and level of accreditation in teacher education.SDSSU performance in terms of passing percentage in Licensure Examination for TeachersSDSSU performance in terms of passing percentage in Licensure Examination for TeachersFigure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the study.The first prorogue shows the profile of SDSSU in terms of their performance in LET. The second table shows the accredited education programs of SDSSU and their levels of accreditation. The third table shows the basis for an inspired LET performance. description of the ProblemThe researche r seeks to study the performance of SDSSU in the Licensure Examinations for Teachers.Specifically, the researcher would like to find out the following1. What is the performance of SDSSU in terms of passing percentage in Licensure Examination for Teachers? 2. What is the level of accreditation of teacher education programs in Surigao del Sur State University? 3. Is in that respect a significant relationship between students LET performance and the level of accreditation of Surigao del Sur State University campuses? 4. What are the problems met in the teacher education programs to attain the better LET performance in pursuit for quality education? 5. What intervention program shall be crafted based on the findings of the study? Null HypothesisHo1 There is no significant relationship between the LET performance of the teacher education graduates and the level of accreditation in the teacher education programs.Significance of the studyThe following several(prenominal)s are deemed to b enefit largely on this study. School administrators. This paper would help the school administrators to become more motivated in administering better curriculum and courses that are relevant in achieving high passing percentage in LET. This would lead to the improvement of standards of the institutions. Faculty. This paper would remind them that their part as faculty is really crucial and relevant in moulding new generations of would-be-teachers.This would encourage them to perpetually do their job honestly, sincerely, and passionately and to redesign their teaching strategies, if needed, in order for them to facilitate maximum learning effectiveness and produce highly competent and certainly LET passer students. Students. This paper would help them realize their role as an important aspect in acquiring competence and standards of their institutions. Thus, would drive them to do easy in their studies in order for them to bring pride and happiness to their college or universities. Community. If the individuals aforementioned would be able to realize the importance of their roles in developing a more equipped, qualified, and reliable who would benefit most.Scope and limitationThis study focuses on the performance of teacher education graduates of SDSSU in the Licensure Examination for Teachers. It will be conducted at SDSSU during the second semester of school year 2012-2013. The monitoring is to be administered to the five campuses of SDSSU namely Cantilan, Lianga, San Miguel, Tagbina, and Tandag campuses.Definition of termsThe terminologies used in this study are defined operationally. Accreditation. Accreditation is a process in which support of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Organizations that issue credentials or certify third parties against official standards are themselves formally accredited by accreditation bodies (such(prenominal) as PRC) hence they are roughlytimes known as accredited certification bodies. The accreditation process ensures that their certification practices are acceptable, typically meaning that they are competent to test and certify third parties, behave ethically and employ suitable quality assurance. Competence.Competence refers to the quality of being well qualified. It is the quality of having great zeal and being able to perform and facilitate achievement or consummation. Education. Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of hoi polloi sustain from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. It is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another, e.g. instruction in schools.Institution. An institution is any structure or utensil of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given human fr aternity. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transcending individual human lives and intention by mediating the rules that govern cooperative human behaviour. The term institution is commonly applied to customs and behaviour patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public services.Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). Licensure Examination for Regulation Commission (PRC) to determine who should be allowed to teach schools in the Philippines. Performance. Refers to the accomplishment of a given task measured against present known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. In a contract, performance is deemed to be the fulfilment of an obligation, in a manner that releases the means from all liabilities to a lower place the contract. Profile. Is a brief description of the characteristics of something, where in my study, are the characteristics of Surigao Del Sur State University main campus in ter ms of their percentage of LET passers and the accreditation levels of the unlike education programs that they are offering.Student. A student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning.Chapter IIRELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE in force(p) Teachers are what each classroom needs. only when what makes a teacher effective? How can we identify effective teachers from those who are not? Are licensure examinations enough to assess the quality of teachers? Passing the licensure examination is often perceive as an indicator of qualified and effective teachers. tho according to the researchers from the Southeast Centre for Teaching property (2003c), licensure examinations are not enough to measure the competence among teacher candidates. They concluded that in order to assess competence among teacher candidates, multiple methods should be used. This should hold student work samples and the demonstration of new knowledge and skills known to reflect the core competences of highly qualified beginning teachers. This thoughts gained support from a study commissioned by the National Research Council (2001), the role of licensure tests in improving teacher quality, as cited in the study of Wilkerson and Lang (2004) concluding that even a set of well-designed tests is miserable to measure all of the prerequisites for a competent beginning teacher.The researcher of the National Research Council besides recommended that states use multiple forms of evidence in making decisions about teacher candidates and use licensure tests only as a part of a coherent developmental system of preparation assessment, and support that reflects the many features of teacher competence. Addressing some of the issues on teacher effectiveness is through a voluntary certification process, which has been offered by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS). This is a certification process where teachers who are considered to be highly effective can demonstrate, and gain recognition for, their knowledge and teaching skills. And despite a lack of evidence on its force in identifying effective teachers, there has been a continuous growing participation in the NBPTS.Many policymakers in various states and school districts also view this certification as a signal of teacher quality. In fact, NBPTS certified teachers receive recognitions and financial incentives (Goldhaber and Anthony 2004). Citing evidence, Goldhaber of the University of Washington and Urban Institute so with Anthony of Urban Institute describe the result of the first large-scale study, based on a unique data set from North Carolina, assessing the relationship between certification of teachers by National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) and Elementary-level student achievement. Findings indicated that NBPTS is successfully identifying the more effective teachers among applicants, and that NB PTS-certified teachers, prior to becoming certified, were more effective than their non-certified counter split at increasing student achievement (Goldhaber and Anthony 2004).In the middle of these findings, the American Educational Research Association Panel concluded, based on the available evidences they have analyzed, that licensure in the field gained by university-based teacher preparation is an indicator of effective teaching and student achievement. Before getting to taking licensure exams and applying for certifications, teachers-to-be first have to finish education courses and undergo teacher preparation. well-nigh of those who wanted to be effective teachers prefer to study at state colleges and universities having passed the National Accreditations since it is perceive that nationally accredited state colleges and universities caters teacher education programs that are capable of moulding and producing effective teachers.Many education graduates in the provinces are not passing the LET (Ramota 2011). Palatino, as cited in Ramota (2011), opined that LET examinees performance shows the low quality of pre-service Teacher Education in the country. He stated that many Teacher Education institutions are producing half-baked graduates who add up to the bulk of the LET non- passers and unemployed or under employed Teachers. He also stated that even these schools are being turn into mere for profit diploma move rather than as training ground for future mentors. When Colleges of Education seek National Accreditation for their teacher education programs, there are a variety of obstacles to their success. But according to Adams (2004), not all of these obstacles are a reflection of program quality since accrediting bodies at the national or state level have different and at times conflicting requirements.This could even be more damaging. Evaluation systems may be scheduled to be phased in too rapidly, without clear guidelines. It is in all probability that the programs they are evaluating will be forced to suffer the consequences of this management. This situation is a contributing factor in the undeserved negative perceptions of teacher education programs. though colleges of education should be accountable for the quality of the teachers they produce, the accrediting agencies should be accountable for the clarity and straightforwardness of the process. Whether a teacher candidate will be effectively teaching or not depends on the teacher preparations he or she had. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (2012) stressed to components that are critically important in the teacher preparation the teacher knowledge of the subject to be taught, and the knowledge and skills on how to teach that subject.Research and common sense tell us that subject matter knowledge is necessary for effective teaching. But there is a second part of the equation knowledge and skills on how to teach is also a must. effective teachers unde rstand and are able to apply strategies to help students increase achievements. They understand and apply knowledge of child and adolescent development to motivate and engage students. They are able to diagnose individual learning needs. They know how to develop a positive climate in the classroom in order to make it a stimulating learning environment. The scholars of the National Academy of Education of America also supports that content knowledge does not adequately prepared teachers for the challenges they will faced in todays classrooms, where teachers need to be prepared for learning differences and dis abilities that are prevalent (). Moreover, and American Educational Research Association Panel of nationally recognized scholars analyzed the empirical evidence relevant to practices and policies in pre-service teacher Education in the US.Findings specific to education programs that produce successful teachers include (1) collaborative arrangements between university programs a nd local school districtsknown as professional development schools (PDSs)have a positive impact on k-12 students in measurable ways such as increase in standardized test scores (2) planned, guided and sustained interactions with pupils within early field and student teaching settings is important (3) 7 of eight studies reviewed found positive correlations between licensure and student achievement, especially in mathematics education (). These ideas stated above only proves that the quality of schools, the instructors of the teacher education programs, so with the educations programs, plays a very critical role in the education process since they are the one who mould the aspiring educators to be globally competitive and effective teachers.Gradual learning is very important for any student, be it in any field. But there are many more things in a students brain that we often forget, and herein appears the difficulty. There are students who faced learning problems and its not even the ir fault. For a school student, life is loaded with studies. Though it is not possible for each one of them to cope up with their studies, they often get nervous, frustrated and ends up mugging their lesson which is very harmful. There can be factors, as many as every student in this world, that affect student achievements. According to Shahin (2012), the students community is affected by lots of problems such us lack of quality of education, the threat of unemployment, absence of adequate opportunities, nepotism and a host of many such factors demoralizing the students. She added that the lack of proper guidance by the parents and unawareness of the student in choosing the right career lead to their doom. Similarly, Suvajit (2009) believes that all these predicaments faced by students can only be resolve if every school and college recruits a qualified students councillor to guide the students in times of their problems. He cited recession as an example since it has caused coarse dearth of jobs enabling the students to avail their desired job.And so, many of these students go on for further studies but are often puzzled about which course to study and from which college. And because of the lack of proper guidance, they often take hasty decisions for which they have to repent later. While Koski and Weis (2004) called on the state to analyse its own contents standards and curriculum frameworks to develop a complete basket of educational resources, ranging from laboratory equipment and sophisticated measuring instruments to well- stocked libraries and media centres, and conditions that all children should have an opportunity to achieve the states standards. But there have been a proposal cited by The Journal Report braggy Issues in Education of US (2012). The proposal stated that all (US) children should run the same academic standards, essentially proposing a nationalized system of education.This issue gathered contrasting ideas of some influential educators in US including Chester E. Finn Jr., president of the Thomas B. Fordham lend and chairman of the Hoover Institutions Koret Task Force on K to 12 Education, who argues in favour of national standards, and Jay Greene, head of the department of education reform at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Ark, who makes the case against natio nal standards. According to Finn Jr., as cited in a journal community The Journal Report Big Issues in Education of US (2012), one way to ensure that young people would develop the skills they need to compete globally is to set clear standards about what schools should teach and students should learnand make these standards uniform across the country.He stated that the issues plaguing American educationlow achievement, poor technical skills, too many dropouts, etc.are nationwide, and so is the challenge of economic competitiveness and that these were caused by the disorderly, dysfunctional way of handling academic standards for students. Thoug h Finn Jr. believed that an effective education system also requires quality teachers, effective administrators and other vital elements, make them the same everywhere is important. A rigorous national standard is a need for a wandering(a) society like theirs where a fourth-grader in Portland, Maine, may find herself a fifth grader in Portland, Ore. He also added that United States of America is no long-life a country where children born in rural areas spend their entire lives there. They need and are expected to be ready for jobs in other parts of the land. And they wont have any problem in adjusting to their lesson since every school is following a national standard (The Journal Report Big Issues in Education of US, 2012).On the other hand, Greene as also cited in a journal community The Journal Report Big Issues in Education of US (2012) contended that different youngsters need to learn different things in different ways. He stated that such uniformity would only make sense if 1) there was a single best way for all student to learn 2) we knew what it was 3) we could be sure the people running this nationalized education system would adapt that right-hand(a) approach and 4) they would remain in charge far into the future. But this isnt how things are. He believed that there is no consensus on what all student need to know and that different students can best be taught and assessed in different ways.Greene then cited Canada and Australia as examples of large and diverse country like US with significantly stronger students performance as measured on international test. Yet neither have national standards, tests or curricula and added Greece and Thailand as examples of lower achieving countries though they have national standards and curricula (The Journal Report Big Issues in Education of US, 2012). Libman (2006) also cited some negative consequences of standards-based testing such as narrowing the diversities in teacher education programs, homogenizing the characteristics of the teaching force, which hinder candidates from entering teaching and causing shortages in qualified teachers.Chapter IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY* This chapter presents research methods employed in this study. It contains the research designs, sampling techniques, research environment, validation of instruments and statistical tools used.* Research Design* This study will utilize the descriptive survey method using researcher made questionnaire as a main tool in gathering the data. It will also utilize documentary analysis to verify the data gathered from the survey.Sampling TechniqueThis paper shall utilize the universality of Teacher Education graduates during the past three school years. It will also consider the total population for the faculty and administration under the education program. For the student respondents, a 30% student shall be utilized using Stratified Random Sampling.InstrumentationThis study will utilize a researcher-made instrument which will be subjected through content validation. It shall be tried out in the private tertiary education offering teacher education program. The items which are vague need revision to suit to the levels of respondents. When the validated instruments are ready, it shall be administered to the SDSSU having Teacher Education programs offering.Data Gathering ProcedureA appropriate to conduct the study shall be secured from the university president, and shall be furnished to the campus directors and concerned respondents and the campus offering Teacher Education programs. the pursuance of this study, the researcher will use researcher-made questionnaires that would show the theory of relativity of the data subject to this study. The questionnaire shall be administered personally by the researchers to ensure the reliability of data of this study. After administration of questionnaire, it shall be retrieved, tallied, analyzed and interpreted and ready for report the research report.

Dimmesdale: The Scarlet Letter Essay

Richard Perle, a political advisor of the 1940s, once said, Sometimes the things we do seem obnoxious in the eyes of others (Brainy Quote 7). This is true of people and situations we encounter in our everyday lives, and all of us are most likely deemed obnoxious more frequently than we realize. Our behaviors can appear undesirable, dourensive, or scornful to others, while we may not conceive it ourselves. This is certainly true of the way readers perceive Dimmesdales actions to be in The Scarlet garner, an acclaimed novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne.The story is a romance involving extensions that suck been embroidered so intricately that their natures can be equated to the needlework created by Hester, a protagonist in the story. The complexity of the romance woven into the tale soon consumed the lives of all three of the main characters, to the point where both Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth, the two manly characters in the plot, underwent drastic changes. Uncharacterist ically, the romance brought out the worst in the characters, allowing the reader to question which of these two men can be considered to have the least admirable of qualities.Arthur Dimmesdale, because of his lack of moral fiber, his inability to living up to the values of both the Puritan and Christian beliefs of his ministry, his cowardice, and his hypocrisy, is by far the most objectionable character of the two. unable to control his lustful impulses, Arthur Dimmesdale committed adultery with Hester, and sired their illegitimate child, Pearl. Dimmesdales immorality defied all that he preached as a curate, as well as the commandments of his Christian faith. Dimmesdale made an extremely poor decision.To make matters worse, while Hester continued to be publicly scorned for her depravity of adultery, Dimmesdales chose to conceal his part in this sin from the public. He left the entire burden of this sin on Hesters slim shoulders. Because of his unwillingness to confess sleeping wi th another mans wife, Dimmesdale lived a life of guilt and adopted vigils involving self-harm In Mr. Dimmesdales secret airlesst, under lock and key, there was a bloody scourge. Often times he had plied it on his avouch shoulders it was his custom, too, as it has been that of many other pious Puritans, to fast (Hawthorne 289-291).He both fasted and whipped himself, emulating devout Catholics. Dimmesdale failed to open himself to help and choose other forms of repentance, making his choices additional unstable stitches in the tapestry of his life. Dimmesdales failure to realize that his poor decisions were leading him into a downward spiral and that there were ways to dig himself out of his grave, defend in the reader his disre regorgeable character. As mentioned before, Dimmesdales sin of adultery was kept quiet, as he never publicly confessed his actions, nor took responsibility for them.As the minister of the Boston, he was revered and admired by the entire town. The godly you th said they among themselves. The saint on earth (289), did the congregation exclaim regularly. It is because of this acclaim and Dimmesdale wish to forbid his high place in the social hierarchy that he refrained from publicly revealing his true character. The narration comments on Dimmesdales practices saying, And he himself, in so far as he shows himself in a false light the only truth that continued to give Mr.Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the misgiving in his inmost soul, (293). The only truth was his anguish. The minister continued to struggle with himself, and after one night of his dangerous vigils, staggered to the scaffold on which Hester had stood years earlier, in an attempt at confession. Pearl and Hester, coming back from an errand, joined him and Pearl asked if he would stand with her and her mother at noontide. Dimmesdales state disappointed her as he said, Nay not so, my little pearl for, with the new energy of the moment, all the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had re moody upon him Not so I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other day, but not to-morrow (307). In this instance, Dimmesdale disregarded his wishes to liberate his soul and once again refused to own his sin. For some time, Dimmesdale was patient and carried on with his life, but his patience slowly metamorphosed into cowardice, a despicable trait in a man.Further supporting the psycheal credit line that Dimmesdale was a hypocrite, is the fact that he preached prodigious sermons on the topic of morality and confession, but was unable to live up to their messages. Roger Chillingworth stated this to Hester, his spirit lacks the strength that could have borne up, as thine has, beneath a burden like thy scarlet garner (343). Dimmesdale could preach the consequences of sin, but could neither keep himself from sinning nor own up to his sin.When Hester was put onto the scaffold, Dimmesdale spoke to her direct ly, as he was directed to do by the magistrates, in an effort to force her to speak of her sinner, and said, Be not silent from any mistake pity and tenderness for him though he were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee, on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to bedim a guilty heart through life Thy silence compel him to add hypocrisy to sin? (133). Dimmesdale argued that if her lover were to step down from his high shape onto the scaffold beside Hester, it would be better than for him to hide his sin for eternity.Yet, Dimmesdale, the sinner, did not do this. Lastly, Dimmesdale stated when meeting with Hester, I should long ago have thrown off these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself to mankind as they will see me at the judgment-seat. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom tap burns in secret (383-385) and ultimately expressed to her his jealousy towards her. He envied how public her sin was and stated that he was in agony because his scarlet letter burned in secret.Yet, he, coward and hypocrite that he was, refused to state his sin to the entirety of Boston. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale cannot have his cake and eat it too. His impotence was contemptible. As a minister and leader of the town, he should have been able to remain strong and reinvent himself. Some readers may argue that Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband, was the more abominable of the two, claiming that he unite Hester knowing she did not love him and that he did not love her, tormented both Hester and Dimmesdale, and turned into a devil.In order to fully understand and see with Chillingworth, the reader must consider things from his point of view, climb into his skin and walk around in it. It was common in Puritan times for couples to wed for funds and security rather than for love. Many of these loveless marriages were successful. In addition, Chillingworths torments towards Hester and Dimmesdale w ere out of passion towards his wife. He, like any other man, felt it necessary to remain close to his wife, regardless of the lack of love felt between them.Yes, Chillingworth did turn into a bit of a devil in the end, lusting after vengeance towards Dimmesdale. But Dimmesdale turned into a floppy, soggy, mush of fabric, unable to support himself. Chillingworth was still able to support himself, and properly chase after and acquire his goal. Dimmesdale was not. In summation, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale was an objectionable character not only because of his cowardice, but because of his hypocrisy, lack of moral fiber, and poor choices.Ambrose Bierce, a journalist in the 1940s caveats to his readers, saying note the particulars in which one person or thing is, if possible, more objectionable than another. (Think Exist, 9). And as readers of The Scarlet Letter, we do just that the audience realizes the altogether disgraceful character of Dimmesdale, a man whose life came apart at the s eams because of love, but who, because of his poor choices, was unable to stitch his muddled tapestry back together. In many ways, The Scarlet Letter is actually Dimmesdales story, as the central struggle is his.The other characters employ nearly fixed positions while the minister must in one sensory(a) decision dismantle his actions of seven years time. And it is that reversal that marks his defeat over himself and marks the apex of the novel. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter A Kaplan sit Score-raising Classic. New York Kaplan Pub. , 2006. Print. Objectionable Quotes and Quotations. Think Exist. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. Objectionable Quotes. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013.

Oral Communication Essay

INTRODUCTIONMaking a business or social vocabulary is to a greater extent than just stalling up and saying a few words. Experience has shown that the importance of oral investations, especially in the business service gay, stooge non be underestimated. This is because presentations be an opportunity to demonst come in crawl inledge, competence, and immobility era making an impression on both superiors and subordinates. Although oral presentations atomic number 18 very stunnedstanding, they strike fear in the hearts of those who give them. This should not all the same be the case. The key to a successful oral presentation is preparation. Preparation alleviates apprehension, and everyplacehauls identify potential problems in presentations. I hope this course leave go a long way to conspire you for the task.ELEMENTS OF THE PUBLIC SPEAKING PROCESSSOURCEThis is the origin of intercourse marrow. A public ac constituteer is the source of ideas and cultivation for an rivalence. The job of the communicativeizer or source is to encode or translate images and ideas in his or her mind into a system of signals that pass on be recognize by an auditory sense. For example, the loud vocalizer system may encode into words The new product should be two inches squ atomic number 18 or into gestures (showing the size with hands).RECEIVERThe receiver is the cross of the message. The receivers task is to decode the senders verbal and non-verbal symbols, translating these codes back into mental ideas and images. Of course, the decoded message will never be simply the view or idea that the speaker mean to convey as the receivers perception is dependent on his or her own unique choke of past experiences, attitude beliefs and values.MESSAGEThe message in public speaking is the reference itself both what is said and what is heard. As said earlier, speakers intended message may differ from the nitty-gritty the auditory modality decodes. If a speaker has trouble finding words to convey his or her ideas, the message suffers aright away. And because the attendees frame of mind may be different from that of the speakers, he may interpret what he hears and sees in a humankindner that was not all what thespeaker intended. In reality, an intended message will differ a little from the actual message perceived by an audition. However, the less deformed the message between the sender and receiver, the more(prenominal) accurate and successful the communicationCHANNELA channel in communication is the means apply to communicate. randomness raise be communicated face-to-face, in writing, or by way of an audio tape or video tape. Note that although it is manageable to hold the content of the message constant across channels, different modes or forms of communication will very much vary in terms of or so of the context factors. For instance, the reference obtains more development active visible and behavioral characteristics of the source from face-to-face or video messages than when the arrangeation is presented in written or oral form. The message is usually transmissible from sender via to channels opthalmic and auditory (or a combination). The earr for each one sees the speaker and decodes his or her non-verbal message eye contact (or lose of it), facial nerves, posture/gestures and dress. This is the visual channel. The auditory channel, on the other hand, opens as the speaker speaks. Then earshot hears his or her words and such vocal cues as inflection, rate and voice quality.FEEDBACKIn public speaking, the speaker does most or all the talking. But public speaking is still an inter executeal process. Remembering the old question of whether a go tree behind make noise if on that point is no well-nigh to hear, we may as well ask whether maven can engage in public speaking without an reference to hear and provide feedback. The answer is no, skillful speakers are audience-centered. They depend on the nods, facial expressions, and murmuring of the audience to adjust their rate of speaking, volume, vocabulary, type and amount of supporting materials and other variables in order to maximize the success of their communication.CONTEXTThe context of public speaking experience is the environment or situation in which the spoken communication occurs. It acknowledges such elements as time, place and the physical and psychological factors affecting both speaker and listener. As John Donne said, No manner of speaking is an island. No speech occurs in a vacuum.Rather, each speech is a unique blend of circumstances that can never occur in exactly the same conjunction again. For example, if the room is too hot, crowned or poorly lit, these conditions affect both speaker and audience. This audience who hears a speaker at 10.00 in the morning is likely to be fresher and more receptive than the audience who hears the speaker at 4.30 in the afternoon. Likewise, if the speaker is coming down with a cold, this uncomfortableness is likely to affect his or her performance. These factors make up the element of public speaking process that e call context.NOISEWhen variables interfere with the communication of a message, we call them noise. Noise may be literal or external. For example, if your 8.00 am Public speaking class is frequently interrupted by campaigning students or the roar of a lawn mower, it may be difficult to hear a speaker. Noise may also be Internal, a term that refers to some of the other factors we let discussed. An internal noise may affect either the source or the receiver. For example, a speakers bad cold may cloud his or her memory or subdue a usually enthusiastic de abidery. An audience member who is worried about an examination later in the day is unlikely to remember what speaker says. Just before lunch, they may also be too hungry to pay much attention. All these factors interfere with the transmission of a message from sender to rece iver.1. GETTING STARTEDA. SELECT AND LIMIT THE TOPICChoosing a come aboutic for a speech can be a problem. However, there are two methods by which you can choose a speech topic.i. The first is brainstorming which involves thinking of as many topics as you can in a curb time so that you can select one topic that will be captivate for your audience. First, give yourself a limited time. Get a list of a number of possible topics for yourself. Next, pick about three of the topics which stand the most appeal. Then you choose the most eliminate of the three topics. ii. The other methods of selection are personal inventories where you conduct personal inventory of your reading and viewing habits. Thus, a topic can be elect from books you read, films you watch, and so forth For instance, your personal inventory of newspapers, periodicals,television, talents, hobbies and so forthteraB. TEST THE TOPICAfter you choose the topic, ask yourself three questions.i. First, whether the topic is appropriate for the audience. To know this, ask whether you can speak about it on a level the audience can understand. Does the audience need technical or specialized knowledge? Do they sire nice background knowledge to understand the subject? Answers these questions will help determine the appropriateness of your topic. ii. Second, is the topic appropriate for you? Can you get tangled in it, and is it interest enough to motivate you to do the necessary enquiry? Normally, the best topics come from your own experiences. iii. Besides your audience and interest, you should ask whether the topic is appropriate for the occasion. For instance, an after-dinner speech should be light and not be too long as members of the audience may be full and not be alert. On the other hand, a speech at a seminar will afford you the opportunity to speak on a more complex topic. Another hireation is whether you can in legitimate the speech into the time limit of the occasion.C. NARROW YOUR TOPICOne m istake that beginners make is that they try to cover a broad topic resulting in a superficial treatment of the topic. The result is that the speech will not be meaningful. To narrow a topic, you must find a limited aspect of a subject that will best meet the time restrains and other demands of the speaking situation.Examplei. Health issues in third-world countriesii. Infant mortality in third-world countriesiii. Infant formula(as against breast-feeding) in third-world countriesiv. How infant formula affects health in third- world countries.D. SELECTING A PURPOSEAfter selecting and narrowing your topic. You need to decide on both the general and specific purpose. You can speak to inform, persuade, orentertain. But sometimes these overlap to some extent.i. General answerSpeaking to inform is the primary objective of class lectures, seminars, runshops, etc. When you inform, you teach, define, illustrate, clarify or elaborate on a topic. In informative speeches, speakers do not take sides when the subject is controversial. The informative speaker will present all sides to an issue and let members of the audience make up their minds. In a persuasive speech, thus far, the speaker takes a point stance and tries to get the audience to accept and support that stance. Persuasion is a process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, value or behaviour. To be persuasive, you need to be sensitive to your audiences attitude towards your and your topic. Sermons, political speeches, students campaign speeches, sales presentations, etc. are examples of persuasive speeches.ii. item PurposeThe Statement of a specific purpose will help you focus on what you want to accomplish. It will help you define what you are going to inform or persuade you audience about. Your specific purpose should be a fine-tuned, audience-centered goal that should follow the following guidelines.1. State your purpose clearly and completely.To inform to the audience members how to stay physic ally fit. To persuade audience members not to procure products from advertisers who use sexist lyric poem.2. State your purpose in terms of the essences you want to rich person on your audience. In an informative speech, you may want your audience to restate an idea, identify, describe or illustrate something. However, in a persuasive speech, you may your audience to take classes, buy something, or vote for someone. To inform my audience about how they can improve their study habits. To persuade my audience to donate blood to the Ghana Red Cross.3. Limit your purpose statement to one idea. This will help you narrow your topic and keep it specific.4. Use specific language in your purpose ofstatementThe more precise your language, the clearer the language will be in their minds. To persuade my audience to fight crime is too vague a topic. By crime, do you mean drugs, rape, kidnapping, murder, or what? You could rephrase your purpose this way To persuade my audience that everyone c an help curb armed robbery.5. Develop your central ideaWhile your statement of specific purpose indicates what you want your audience to do when you have finished your speech, your central idea statement (Thesis statement) identifies the essence of your message.ExampleSpecific Purpose to inform my audience about how to make sure their drinking water is safe. substitution Idea People can do three things to ensure that their drinking water is safe.1. Purchase an activated carbon drip2. Have it tested3. Reduce exposure to bacteria by disinfecting productE. ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING THE SPEECHAs a wise person once said, if effort is organized, acquirement follows. While generating ideas for your speech, you actually begin the task of organizing your message. After additional research, you need to develop an outline of your talk. A clearly and logically mental synthesisd speech helps your audience remember what you say and also help you to feel more in swan of your speech and greater control will help you feel more comfortable while delivering your speech.Every speech has three briny parts the instruction, the eubstance and the conclusion. Since an introduction previews a speech and the conclusion restarts it, most teachers recommend that students prepare theirintroductions and conclusions after they have organized the body of the talk. We will therefore discuss the introduction and conclusion later.Purpose of the introductionWithin a few seconds of run across a person, you form a first impression that is often quite lasting. So too, do you form a first impression of a speaker and his message within the opening seconds of the speech. The introduction may convince you to listen to a credible speaker presenting a well prepared speech or may send the message that the speaker is ill-prepared and the message not worth your time. To say that the introduction should be well planned is an understatement, considering the fact it is very authorised and yet very brief. An introduction serves the following functions A key purpose of the speech introduction is to gain favorable attention for your speech.Because listeners from their first impression often speech quickly, if the introduction does not capture their attention and cast the speech in a favorable light, the rest of the speech may be cadaveric on the audience. After capturing the audiences attention and introducing the subject, you have to give the audience some reason to want to listen to the rest of your speech. You can do this by showing them how the topic affects them directly.Perhaps, the most obvious purpose of the introduction is to introduce the subject of the speech. Within a few seconds after you begin your speech, the audience should have a good idea of what you are going to talk about. The best way to do this is to include statement of your central idea in the introduction.Purpose of ConclusionYour introduction creates an important first impression your conclusion leaves an eq ually important final impression. Long after you have finished speaking, your audience is likely to remember the effect, if not the content of your closing remarks. There are a number of purposes of an good conclusionOne purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the speech. A conclusion is s speakers last chance to repeat his or her important ideas to the audience. Another purpose of the speech conclusion is to reemphasize the main ideas in a memorable way. The conclusions of a number of speeches are among the most memorable statements we have. Also, motivation is a necessary component of an effective conclusion not motivation to listen, but motivation to react in some way. If your speech in informative, you want your audience to think about the topic or research it further. If your speech is persuasive, you may want your audience to take some sort of appropriate action-buy a product, make a phone call, or get involved in a cause. The conclusion is your last chance to motivate yo ur audience to respond to your message. The most obvious purpose of the conclusion is to let audience know that the speech has ended. Speeches have to sound finishedPrinciples of organizationYou must try as much as possible to relate the points you make in your speech directly to your specific purpose and central idea. In the speech, the challenge to excel, notice how all the main points are related to the purpose and central idea.Specific Purpose. To inform my classmates about the four things required to excel.Central Idea No matter what peoples abilities are, there are four things they can do to excel.briny ideas1. Learn self discipline.2. Build a knowledge base.3. Develop special skills.4. Bounce back from defeat.i. Give points a parallel structureParallel structure means that each of your points will begin with the same grammatical form. Example, on a speech about ways to loose weight, this speaker started each wind with a verbExercise at least three times a weekEat low-fat, hi gh energy snacks like fruits.Count your daily intake.Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that the United States should act now to protect its citizens against electronic invasions of their personal privacy.Central Idea The loss of personal privacy in our electronic society is a flagitious problem that requires decisive action.IntroductionAttention(i) Would you let a perfect stranger examine your medical files, glint at your personal finances, eavesdrop on your phone calls, or invade other aspects of your personal life?(ii) Yet all of these are happening as a resultof privacy invading technology by business and governing agencies.(iii) The erosion of personal privacy has become one of the most serious problems facing Americans in our high-tech, electronic age.(iv) Today I would like to explain the extent of this problem and encourage you to support a solution to it.Body motivating (i). The use of electronic data gathering by business and government poses a serious threat to p ersonal privacy.A. Business and government agencies have compiled spacious amounts of learning on the personal lives of most Americans.B. There are few laws protecting Americans against the gathering or misuse of personal information by businesses and government agencies.Satisfaction (ii) The problem could be greatly reduced by the passage of federal privacy laws.A. These laws should impose strict controls on the collection of personal information by businesses and government agencies.B. These laws should also include stiff penalties on anyone who uses personal information for unauthorized purpose.Visualisation (iii) Similarities laws have worked in other counties and can work in the United States.A. The practicality of privacy laws has been demonstrated by their success in almost all the countries of Western Europe.B. If the U.S had such laws, you would once again have control over your medical files, financial records, and other kinds of personal information.ConclusionAction (i) So I urge you to support privacy legislation by subscribe the petition I am passing around to be sent to our states U.S Senators and Representatives.(ii) As Congressman Jack Fields has stated, This is not a Democratic or Republican issue Privacy is a basic human right.Try using the motivated sequence when you seek immediate action from your listeners. Over the years it has worked for countless speakers and it can work for you as well.PATTERNS OF ORGANISATIONThere are different ways by which you can arrange the main points of your speech. Your choice will depend on what best suits your materials. These patterns include time or chronological order, spacial order, cause and effect order, problem- solution order, and topical order. snip effectThis is used to show development over time. This pattern works well when you are using a historical approach. It is often used to explain a process and this process could be anything ranging from how to wrap a gift to how to apply for a studen ts loan.Spatial OrderThis is approach refers to the physical or geographical layout to help your audience see how the parts makes up the whole. To help your audience visualize subject, you explain it by going from left to right or form top to bottom, or any direction that best suits your subject. ExampleSpecific Purpose To inform my audience about the layout of Kdua Poly campus Central Idea The campus is laid out logically as a series of concentric (having a common centre) circles.Main Points I. Parking and athletic complexes occupy the outermost circles.II. The hostels, fraternities and sororities occupy the next concentric circle.III. Next to the centre circle are the library, the student union and the classroom buildings.IV. The administrative offices occupy the centre circle of campus. The spatial order works particular well when the speech focuses on a chart or a diagram. When using the visual aid, the speaker naturally moves from top to bottom or from left to right. Example Specific Purpose To inform my audience about who make decisions on campus.Central Idea Campus business is divide into branches the administrative branch and the academic branch.Main PointI. The Principal is the chief administrative officer of the polytechnic and the main spokesman for the polytechnic community.II. The academic vice heading is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as curriculum and faculty.III. The administrative vice principal is responsible for everything that concerns classes, such as curriculum and faculty.Causes Effect orderWith this pattern, the speaker divides the speech into causes (Why somethingis happening), and effect (what shock it is has).ExampleSpecific purpose To inform my audience on why smart people sometimes fail.Central Idea cause to be perceived people sometimes do things that lead to failure.Main Point I. Smart people are defined as those with high IQs.II. Causes for their failure include ignorance, isolation, recklessness, and over reaching.III. Failure (effects) includes loss of high paying profile jobs, public humiliation, loss of opportunity, and even loss of fortunes. When you are using this approach, you do not always have to begin with a cause and end with an effect. In the above example, the speaker could have reversed points II and III and first use examples of some of the possible effects of high. I Q. and them continue with the causes. The important thing is to begin with the aspect most likely to capture the audiences attention.iv. Problem Solution OrderThe problem Solution order, like the cause effect order, divides as speech into two sections. One pat deals with the problem and the other part, with the solution.ExampleSpecific Purpose To persuade my audience that American schools need to teach students more about the third world.Central Idea Americans must know about the third world because what happens in those countries affect American lives.Main PointI. Most Americans have negative im pressions of the third world from the mass media.II. Most Americans are ignorant of the impressions of the impact that the third world has on American Trade.III. Most Americans do not know how the third world influencespolitical decision making among the super powers.IV. American teachers and curriculum planners must add materials about the third world materials about the third world to the school curriculum.V. Textbook publishers should add third world materials.topical OrderWhen your speech does not fit into any of the patterns described so far, you may use the topical pattern of organization. This pattern can be used whenever your subject can be grouped logically into sub topics. Examples Four ways to overcome snoring Five types of food that will help you live longer, four ways to save money for school, what can be done to protect natural resources, etc.Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that everyone can contribute to conserving natural resources.Central Ideal Conservati on means practicing the four Rs of reduce, re-use, repair nad recycle.Main PointsI. Reduce consumption and waste.II. reprocess what can be reused.III. Repair what can be fixed.IV. Recycle what can be recycled.THE PERSUASIVE SPEECHPersuasion is the process of trying to get others to modification their attitudes or behaviour. All of us are trying to persuade one way or the other. The government bombards us with messages intended to foster patriotism and voteless work. Sermons from churches and mosques enjoin us against selfishness, corruption, and other social vices, etc. Obviously, not all persuasive speeches work. We ignore many of the messages aimed at use and are unmoved by most. One may ask, what then make a speech persuasive? Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, attributed the persuasive impact of a message to three major factors ethos (communicator characteristics), pity (Emotional nature ofaudience), and Logos (message features).SOURCE FACTORSUntil recently many psychologists belie ved that the most crucial characteristic of an effective speaker was his prestige. In other words, it was believed that any speaker who possesses prestige could cause the audience to submit to his message regardless of the logicality or illogicality of the message. Recent studies by social psychologists suggest that though prestige is necessary, it is not a sufficient factor in persuasive communication. Research indicates the following speaker characteristics for an effective speech.CredibilityThe primary characteristic of the speaker has been found to be Credibility or believability, A speech has greater persuasive effect if the speaker is perceived to be credible or believable. In order words, for a message to be persuasive, the speaker must be credible. Here, credibility means expertness and trustworthiness. Expertness of the speaker (source) refers to the extent to which the audience believes that the speaker is capable of transmitting valid statements on the issue under conside ration. Put simply, expertness refers to the degree to which the speaker is perceived by the audience to possess nationwide knowledge on the subject matter. Thus, speakers who present an impressive amount of evidence, show insight into all aspects of the issue are usually perceived by audiences as experts or competent in area in areas they are dealing with, thereby inspiring greater credibility in their audience.Though members of an audience are inclined to believe a message from an expert or knowledgeable source, the impact is even greater if they have reasons to believe that the source is trustworthy. There are two issues to trustworthiness. First a source is less likely to be believed the audience perceived him to have something to gain if his message is accepted. Second, if the source is perceived from the start to have a defined conception to persuade, it is less likely he will be perceived worthy of trust.Nevertheless, being perceived as having an intention to persuade need s not always decrease the speakers effectiveness to persuade his audience. In fact, it can be an asset to persuade. Such frank admission can have disarming effect on the audience. This is because members of theaudience tend to place credence on the remarks of those they regard as sincere and open. Therefore, the speaker who shows himself as upright is more likely to elicit friendly and less hostile responses from the audience. It is combined value of the speakers expertise on an issue and his trustworthiness that we refer to as credibility.ConfidenceThe speaker who seems to be in command of himself inspires confidence. Members of the audience tend to believe in speakers who deliver their message in a more confident tone than those who do it in tentative way. For instance, speakers who present their arguments prefaced with statements like obviously, speakers, who present their arguments prefaced with statement like obviously, in fact, sealedly, etc. are more effective than those wh o present their arguments with expression like I dont know I am not positive, etc. Also the effective speaker does not become unsettled when the audience become hostile, or when reacting to hostile questions from the audience.TactOur attempt to persuade others often fails because we do so in a clumsy manner. Tact is the ability of what to say and how to say what you want to say without giving offence. In persuasion, tact means disagreeing without scolding, enlightening without insulting their intelligence. Persuasion without tact breeds alienation. respiteTemperance and restraint are crucial ingredients in persuasive communication. Speakers who indulge in personal abuse, overstatement, and inappropriate emotional displays tend to turn off their audience. They may even induce in the audience psychological resistance to the idea they are trying to promote.FriendlinessIt is very important for a speaker to be friendly towards an audience. Where the audience is hostile, goodwill is impo rtant. The speaker or source that shows a good disposition towards the audience clears one of the obstacles topersuasion even though he and the audience may disagree on certain points.Similarity/Identity (e.g. Familiar Language)It is often difficult to identify with someone whose past and present experiences are so different from your own. How can you see the historical significance of polygamy if you are, for instance a European, or understand the rational for divestiture of national assets if you are a collectivized? In fact, a true meeting of the mind is enhanced when a speaker is similar to the audience in terms of ethnicity, sex, age, socio-economic status, educational background, current bread and butter conditions, political ideology, etc. Such a speaker is more likely to be perceived as more credible, and hence is more likely to have greater impact on his audience.Non-verbal elementsMany worthwhile ideas go unheeded because they are ineptly presented. The audience because of misleading cues in the speakers non-verbal language misconstrues some ideas. For instance, a speaker may say one thing while the sound of this voice and facial expression tell the audience something else. Imperfections in communication occur when the non-verbal elements in the communication are not supportive of the verbal elements. Also, non-verbal elements convey to the audience more about the speaker than he realizes. somatic appearanceAll of us tend to make generalization about peoples personality, attitudes, and look from the clothes they wear the objects they keep on their persons (e.g. Jewelry) and their grooming, generally. We give them names according to what they wear, etc. Such generalizations are often made about speakers even before they begin to deliver their speech. We are not so much concerned about the validity of these generalizations by the audience. However, what every speaker must know is that inappropriate dress and grooming can be mordant in persuasive com munication. Ironically, it is not possible to prescribe a universally acceptable dress for all speakers on all occasion. The real test is that appropriate appearance and grooming should be suitable for the speakers purpose, his audience expectations, and the occasion.Facial expression and eye behaviorAnother important aspect of non-verbal communication is facial expression. The speakers facial expression conveys to the audience, his attitude towards himself, the subject matter, and the audience. It can tell the audience whether he is sincerely motivated in his assertions or his animations are feigned. The inference an audience makes from the speakers facial expression can affect this trustworthiness and hence his credibility. Subtle nuances in facial expression can make a world of difference in perceived meaning. Such variables like amount and rate of dilation of the pupil or ones eye blink rate can communicate a great deal of information.The key facial expressions used to convey in formation include raising or dropping the eyebrows, smiling or frowning, knitting or relaxing the forehead, closing or widening the open eye, wrinkling the nose, pursing the lips, baring the teeth, dropping the jaw, etc. Eye behaviour also performs a persuasion function. We rate speakers who maintain eye contact as credible and we suspect those whose gaze is continually diverge over about. If people avert their eyes when talking to us, we assume that they are either shy or are hiding something from us.Bodily communicationThis has dimensions including physical movements of the body like gestures, the way one holds ones body (tense or relaxed posture), tilting or nodding the head, clenching ones first, having ones arms akimbo on the waist, etc. These bodily movements can indicate arrogance, anger, degree of commitment, or determination, etc. Imagine a speaker trying to present a conciliatory message while standing in the drill-sergeant position (feet planted widely apart as though h e were issuing orders to his subordinates. This posture conveys defiance, which is incompatible with the conciliatory message. It is therefore important to note that a speakers body language should be compatible with the verbal message being uttered.Since body language conveys meaning, it can be an asset or a liability. It is however an asset solitary(prenominal) when it directs the audiences attention to the verbal message being communicated, and also when it actually transmits a meaning which intensifies the meaning of the verbal message. It should be emphasizedthat the absence of movement, that static state, is also a conveyer of meaning. In such a situation, parts of the verbal message will actually be lost due to the suppression of bodily action.Vocalic communicationThe other none-verbal element in speakers communication behaviour is aural. The voice of the speaker does more than rendering ideas into audible form. The pitch of the voice, its loudness or quality and the rate of delivery, convey various sunglasses of meaning to the audience. The controllable elements of the voice also act as factors of attention. In fact, not only does the voice affects meaning and attention, but also transmits an impression of the speaker as a person to the audience. For example, a speech delivered in a weak voice may convey to the audience the speakers lack of courage and vigour. In effect, the public speaker must know that he is judged not only by words spoken, but also by the meaning the audience attaches to the sound of the voice that carries those words.Artifactual CommunicationPeople decorate their homes and work places with artifacts to symbolize their sense of self. Our culture has taught us to react in certain ways to the artifacts of others. It is important to note that these patterns of responses form the premises of persuasion and therefore we interpret artifacts that surround persuaders in message situations according to the dictates of our culture. Therefor e, the banners, the bunting, insignias in a speech situation, all contribute to the success (or failure) of a persuasive attempt. Another type of artifact is clothing. What people wear send signals about what they believe in and what they stand for. However, these Artifactual messages, as said earlier, vary from culture to culture and can make a world of difference between a successful and an abortive persuasion.Tactical communicationA very important non-verbal message carrier is the way and degree to which people tincture one another. Generally, there are sexual activity related differences in the use of touch. Women are more likely to use touch to communicate than aremen. In fact, the average woman torches someone else about twelve times a day, with the average man touching someone only eight times a day. In terms of persuasion, research shows that persuaders who touch are the most successful persuaders.Touch seems to be a good way to convey social kind of emotional feeling like empathy, warmth, and reassurance. It is however important to note some touches are taboo. For instance, some parts of the body are off limits to public touch. Therefore, a persuader who is too touchy with persons around him is likely to offend not only the person touched, but also, persons observing the touch. Credibility can be drastically undermined if persuaders misread a relationship and respond inappropriately if a speaker touches in a way that is not appropriate.THE AUDIENCE FACTORSIf it the aim of the speech is to change the views, attitudes, and behaviours of an audience, then it is important that the speaker places particular emphasis on knowing the audience. In a very practical sense, it means the speaker finding out all he can about the people he will be speaking to. It is indeed, probable that the majority of failures in persuasive attempts can be traced to insufficient or inaccurate analyses or targeting of those intended to be influenced. Only by seeing things from t he audiences point of view can we deal directly and effectively with our audiences. In reality, the group of individuals that a speaker tries to influence is his audience. Therefore, for the speaker to know the audience, he must locate the common characteristics of the members of the audience and strategize the message accordingly. Research in this area suggests that there are several(prenominal) common characteristics about the audience and these include the following.Initial attitude of the audience towards subject matterThe initial position of the members of the audience is crucial in deliverance about opinion change. The more extreme the initial position of the audience from that of the speaker, the greater the latitude of rejection of the speakers message. In effect, maximum attitude change can be effected when the audience does not hold an extreme attitude position. However, with an audience that is hostile to the point of view espoused by the speaker, media experts suggest t hat the outline is for the speaker to start with thosepoints on which he agrees with the audience. This strategy may be effective for two reasons.a. Agreeing with hostile audience from the start has a disarming effect and prevents heckling and outbursts that characterize hostile audience. b. Agreeing with audience at the outset can enhance the speakers trustworthiness with the audience, and may be perceived honest objective and non-opinionated.Audience beliefs.Another characteristic of the audience which can affect their persuasibility is their belief or current thinking about the issue under consideration. For instance, consider the national campaign on the judicious use of electricity due to the low level of water in the Akosombo Dam. Many people initially ignored the warnings or were simply unmoved by them. They did not believe that the Dm would ever dry up. It was not until the Volta River Authority (V.R.A) began issuing daily news on the water level-maximum and minimum operat ing levels that many people took them seriously. Also, some people do not just believe that AIDS is real and so there is little chance they could be persuaded to use condoms. It is evident that the beliefs people hold on issues can be a powerful deterrent to persuasion.It would therefore be a folly to try to convince people that you have the best solution when they dont believe that a problem exists. Finding out an audiences beliefs also involves seeking clarification on how the audience conceptualizes or defines the issue at stake. For example, as a speaker, you want to persuade an audience that Neoplan Buses are better than Tata Buses. You will have to find out first, how your audience defines a better bus. Does better here, means durability? Does it mean cost effective? Are Neoplan Busses better because they are sleek and comfortable?Unless you smash the criteria, and in fact, the priority of the criteria your audience uses, you may be wasting your time in persuading them. You m ay have to convince the audience that though sleekness and comfortability are intended criteria for measuring a better bus, these are not the only criteria or necessarily the most important ones. You may try to convince them that durability and petrol consumption the most important. In trying to win an audience, it isadvisable to discover the criteria by which they measure the truth of the fact in question, and also, the priority if the criteria.THE SURVIVORSWork Harder. Faster. Shovel Dont just stand there. Shovel And so he shoveled with all his energy and all of his might. Hour after hour, he shoveled until his body could not shovel any more. Finally, he stopped working, learned over on his shovel, and let his body limply rest, as his eyes stared at the ground. The commander looked his way and hollered in a low penetrating voice, Shovel But the man did not move. The commander lifted his gun, loaded it with ammunition, and shot him. The man released his hands from the shovel and fe ll to the ground. He murmured his last words, How could this happen?The commander walked over, lifted his heel, and kicked the man into the mass grave, which he had been digging. One more Jew was removed from the world. He was one of 6 million who were brought to their death by the Nazi policy to annihilate the Judaic race. The Nazis collected the Jews in the ghettos they transported the Jews to the death camps they worked the Jews until they could not work any more. Then they killed them by gun and by gas, by starvation and sickness, by torture and terror. Millions of Jews died in the death camps of Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Dachau, and Treblinka. It seems unfathomable that people could have survived the Nazis wartime atrocities. Yet, by the grace of God, there were survivors. The survivors were the young and the strong, not the old and the meek. The survivors were the lucky and the few. My grandparents are Holocaust survivors. They are each the only survivors in their families.They witnessed the death of their mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, friends and neighbours. They witnessed the destruction of their lives and homes, towns and country, shops and synagogues. They lived through the death camps. They lived through the excruciating work. They lived to see liberation. Since I was a little girl, my grandparents have told me about their lives during the Holocaust. They have told me about the persecution, the intolerance, and the injustices so that I could appreciate my freedom, my liberty, and my independence. It hasalways amazed me that my grandparents dont have spite or malice. After all they suffered, they have only hope and love. They dont want to hate any more. During World War II, my grandparents were victims of anti-Semitism. Fifty years later, they are victims no longer. Today they fight against the isms which villainy our communities, our states, our nation, and our world.They tell their story so that we, the younger generation, will understa nd the horrific force which anti-Semitism was in their lives. They relate their experiences to the struggles which so many people dole out with today. They will tell their story, and they will not rest until all people can live without fear and without denial, until all people can live with fleece and with dignity. And when my grandparents are gone, I will continue to tell their story. I will tell my children about the men and women who were murdered for no cause. I will tell my children about the heroism of the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto who fought strength for strength against the Nazi militia.I will tell these stories to all who will listen. And I hope that you, too, will tell stories. As the Holocaust survivor and writer Elie Wiesel, once said, Not to transmit an experience is to betray it To the millions who died in the Holocaust, lie peacefully in your graves, for you have not been forgotten. To the survivors of the Holocaust, rest assured that we have listened to your storie s. We have learned by your examples and we, too, will fight for freedom and peace. May no person around the earthly concern again fall to his or her death murmuring, How could this happen?