The Growth Of New Media

The Growth Of New Media intelligence has seen many changes everyplace the years wordpaper to radio, radio to TV and now TV to tissue 2.0, an ever-changing and vast, floor for inter dynamical tidings, views and field of study. No angiotensin converting enzyme domiciliate betoken spick-and-spans media, when practiced well, is of reality value in a big and participatory society, it provides, entertainment, information and acts as a whistleblower on inequality and subversion within our countries and states. However, the field of journalism is currently under scrutiny, Hillel Nossek comments It seems that the great panic facing journalism is de- sea captainization, which means that everyone can be a diarist and nobody real is one. (Nossek, 2009358) In this essay I will experiment to weigh up the positivist and shun impacts of news recent development to the earnings. I will taper on the new ethics come to in such things as citizen journalism, the resulting Churnal ism that has resulted from the speed and re character referencefulness of web 2.0 slowness up the positive and oppose impacts on journalists and journalism as a whole.IThe first point I would like to raise focuses on the root word of Citizen journalism and a paper scripted by Dr. Damien Tambini titled, Media morality in the New Media Landscape. The paper comments on a current consult revolving around the scruple How is the rise of new media and online journalism affect the conventional journalistic standards of objectivity, accuracy and verification? (Tambini 20101). In answer, he focuses around the ethics of so-called citizen journalism, and how this reflects upon the ethics, the rights and the privileges of professional journalists. Citizen journalism is a term used to make out bloggers and tweeters who, using investigative journalism mainly based on online look for and second hand sources, break stories and news, using the net. This is a change from the conventional , professional ethics to mixed media ethics.The stories these citizen journalists produce universe from second hand sources ar widely disregarded as inaccurate and therefore soil the nature of the field of journalism, and its ethics. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism the editor of a regional paper said It irritates the hell out of me. Its non news. Its deal wanting their five minutes of fame and its non accurate because they behavent mouth to anybody (interview with Editor of a regional newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 2008 33). In response Bloggers manage that new media be developing their own ethical systems based on distributed intelligence and the wisdom of crowds. (Tambini, 20101) In a mavin this point of view could argue citizen journalism could have a positive impact, as Rebillar and Taboul comment views of the web 2.0 associate liberty, autonomy and horizontality (Rebillar and Taboul 2010325) and I think of this raises a peachy point how can you argue against to a greater extent democracy, accuracy and equality?The Tambini paper excessively raises questions asking Are the newcomers to a fault communion the responsibilities? Are they obeying the rules, and sharing the costs of implementing them? (Tambini 2010 4) He then points out citizen journalists argon now getting access to protection of sources, freedom of expression and public interest defences. These were previously considered exclusive Lobby passes for Journalists. Because of the loss of the exclusivity in journalists rights and privileges, it wanders into question the whole profession of journalism and what it means to be a journalist and I refer back to the Nossek comment in my intro, that in speculation anybody can be a journalist. This would argue a powerful instance for the de-professionalization of journalists and would infer that changes in social and economical changes to the field are affecting the occupation of professional journalists, but not the ethics of the field itself. nevertheless so, Nick Couldry did a survey in 2010 finds little evidence for what he calls writer-gatherers muscling in on professional space.On the some other hand, Tambini expresses this serene worries journalists, patently because journalists seem to say the citizen journalists invariably flout the ethical rules in place, in the race to the bottom. The lack of communication with original sources and grand inaccuracies are sharpness to come rough within this tussle for speed, and this would have a contradict effect on the ethics of reporting of news online. Journalists in like manner argue that this is in trance putting much pressure on journalists to flight stories and take less care in sourcing stories and policing conflicts of interest, (Tambini, 2010 1) creating what author Nick Davies describes as Churnalism.IIThis Churnalism is the concept the second part of my essay will focus on. Churnalism is a word invented by Nick Davies. In his book tied(p) Earth News. It describes a hugely negative impact of new media, journalistic practices. Davies explainsJournalists are pumping out stories without checking them stories which then circle the planet. And so now, in a way that was not consecutive in the past, mass media are not merely prone to occasional error but constitutionally and constantly vulnerable to being infected with falsehood, distortion and propaganda (Davies, 2009 51).He explains the introduction of the cyberspace has led to information being sent around the globe at unprecedented levels. Shown in incidents such as The millennium bug where he explains The ethic of honesty has been overwhelmed by the mass production of ignorance. (Davies 2009 28) The result is a decline in journalistic quality due to the way news rooms have become News factories, pumping out stories not right sourced, checked and constantly recycled. He describes a young reporter piece of writing in the British Journalism review in 20 04 explaining Of all the impressions I had of the profession relying on tele mobilise interviews and the internet for so some(prenominal) written work was not one of them (Davies 2009 55). Reliance on the internet as a saver of time and money Davies argues is a big ratifier to Churnalism. However, evidence has been found of other people within the field, in peculiar(a) editors, who have taken a more nuanced view to new media I wade through the rubbish every day, but then I think that some of the most exciting stuff I exact is online and through blogs and all of that. So I would want journalists to get emotional about it rather than being defensive about it (Interview with a department editor, national newspaper by Peter Lee-Wright 200833). These conflicting views have sparked much debate within news rooms. correct though the question still stands to the effect of new media within the newsroom, Davies extensive research into Churnalism has found its do to be quite devastating, in regards to wider journalism.As part of his research into Churnalism Davies also investigated news stories running in four of the most prestigious everyday newspapers The Times The Guardian The Independent and The daily Telegraph. He commissioned a group of specialist researchers who, tracked over 2,207 incoming news stories and where potential tracked backwards to find their source material. They found quite amaze results. 60% of these stories came direct from wire copy and/or PR material, with another(prenominal) 12% simply containing elements of the same, 8% source material they were unsure about and only 12% of stories was sourced by the journalists themselves. They also found that a staggering 70% of them passed to print without any corroboration at all (Davies 2009 52). This is easy proof of Davies Churnalism and the implications of this show an image of news as a cats-paw of PR scams instead of a voice on behalf of the people and democracy. Clearly, this depicts a rat her appalling prospect for journalisms emerging.Flat Earth News also raises the issue the internet has bring forthd a growing demand for immediacy and the negative effects this has had on new media. He refers to Pete Clifton ex-head of the BBCs News interactive who was quoted look Our site came on top with a load time of 0.85 secs to perplex the likes of ITV and Sky (1.63 secs). (Davies, 2009 70) Davies goes on to expand on this clash of traditional journalism and the new high speed Churnalism, using the example of the official BBC string which is given to all ply on News interactive. Which on one hand urges Your composition must be accurate, impartial, balanced and uphold the determine of BBC news Never publish anything that you do not understand, that is speculation or inadequately sourced and then in comp allowe contradiction Get the tale up as fast as you can We encourage a sense of urgency we want to be first (Davies 2009 70) It then gives a five minute target for bre aking news. This is clearly an impossible travail for any journalist. Time constraints have also been made harder by declining staff and lack of ground-up resources, which are rampant throughout the newsrooms. This is due partly to the free cost of internet news and internets ability to put fewer limitations on what a single journalist can do. Contradictions such as this create huge difficulties between the mediums of traditional journalism and new media ethics.IIIEven So, many can see the positive impacts of new media practices such as fast breaking news. In this part of the essay I will try to explain the positive impacts the web has had on journalism. Firstly, Anna Mainwaring is a manufacturing business in the BBC News UGC (User generated content) hub who describes it as a revolution in News gathering. In an interview conducted in Changing Journalism Mainwaring commented Instead of teams departure out to get stories, stories are coming to us, on a story the year before about a number of young males being stabbed in London she says In the old days, we would have sent a team of hacks to doorstep, knock on doors Now we sit in the newsroom and the missy has already contacted the BBC message board. Weve got her e-mail. A journalist phones and interviews her and shes on air in minutes The speed is phenomenal (Anna Mainwaring, interview conducted by Peter Lee-Wright 2009 34) This is a great example of how the speed and the vast networking capabilities of the internet have increase speed output and accuracy of stories, two very meaning(a) principles for traditional journalism. likewise, there is a theory that even the publics supposedly damaging, inaccurate, publish first-correct ulterior (Tambini 2010) attitude, could have a positive impact revolving around the idea of networked journalism. A new concept Charlie Beckett argues is fundamental to new medias compatibility with modern journalism. He argues that To obey value journalism must engage with the publi c. It must shift indicant from the newsroom to the connected online and digital world. It must become networked. (Beckett, 2008) This theory depicts, that the rise of the internet could see a of return of Habermas public sphere, whereby the users can immediately alternative up on inaccuracies in stories and report them back and discuss, through active reception and living response (Williams, 1983 304). This could have a very strong positive outcome for the ethics of journalism, democracy and national and international development. It also takes power away from big international news agencies and who are more recently regarded as biased and greedy monopolies of news output.The introduction of internet technology has also increased dissemination, as stories can reach huge audiences across the globe at no extra cost. This is good news for the newspaper companies and journalists alike as Jeff Jarvis argues in his book What Would Google Do? Google allows people to find stories that, in the old days they wouldnt have seen. (J. Jarvis 2009 124) this has proved true in the coverage of a number of significant events the so-called potassium revolution on the streets of Tehrans streets after the 2009 presidential election and the 2007 monks saffron rise in Burma. This is a positive outcome of modern media ethics and is an important development to keep in mind in terms of the hereafter of new media ethics.Increases in other technologies such as photographic camera phones and digital cameras are also increasing user generated content and journalists possibilities for capturing news. The subtlety of camera phones and the decreased size in reporting equipment and a visible crew, with up to twenty large silver boxes of equipment, has given journalists and their producers increased flexibility. A good example is in the Zimbabwe 2008 elections whereby all journalists were banned from reporting within the country. As Robin Elias managing editor of ITN says in N.Fentons Ne w Media, old news We actually presented an evening new programme from the centre of Harare, during the crackdown, during the election, when we werent allowed in there let alone to broadcast out of it and we broadcast over a garden wall over a BGAN mobile phone, a satellite phone and it sort of dawned on everybody that theres virtually nowhere in the world thats untrod now (Robin Elias, interview conducted by Peter Lee-Wright, 2010 72). Other examples include the tidal disaster in Japan in 2011 where the internet was swamped with a good deal of videos of the disaster. The combination of modern technologies such as email, mobile phones, digital cameras and well accessible editing software coupled with sites like Youtube, Twitter and other blog sites add to more variety and a much more diverse media landscape, changing the way we now absorb our news. It also reinforces this idea that many networked contributions towards coverage of breaking news is hugely beneficial to new media eth ics.In conclusionIn May 2011 the number of internet users ecumenic reached over 2billion (internetworldstats.com). The Guardians online readership now exceeds 30million compared to only 300,000 print readers. The undeniable pressures of the web have put journalisms and more importantly journalists position, into very turbulent disrepute. The editors have had to oblige in a time when news is free and news can be taken from other organisations without paying for it. The pressure has, in turn landed on the journalists, expecting them to use newer technologies to churn out more content with less time. The digital revolution has also given ordinary citizens the tools to raise UGC and interact with journalists and stories. A strong negative impact of the web is that smaller to medium sized print firms are either dying or have died as a result of the rise of the internet, as reading has become increasingly difficult. This is due to advertisement becoming the main source of income for a ll news outlets and advertisers at the same time that advertising firms are sweeping onto the next big website to catch its much larger readership. Also other technological advances such as the kindle and Guardian Apps on smart phones are leaving newspapers business models in constant limbo. It seems to me that the future of online journalism is unclear and we can only sit back and put any positive or negative implications into context. The positive implications of the web, if properly channelled, are an exciting prospect in favour of democracy and challenging dominating forces. It does however have seem to have had a rather negative impact on professional journalists themselves, whos roles are now challenged from many, many angles.

Pros and Cons of Tidal Energy

Pros and Cons of Tidal Energy As the worlds elan vital crisis progresses, re in the bufffound equal button sources like tidal fountain be being explored. Tides, the rise and twilight of sea levels, ar created by changes in the gravitational forces of the sun and idle as well as the earths rotation. Tidal Energy is generated by converting gravitational emf energy of high tides into hydroelectricity. Most ocean environments experience ii high tides and two low tides everyday. at that place are three chief(prenominal) ways to harness tidal energy, each with their own pros and cons. The first regularity of tidal energy generation is the tidal well out generator, the second is the tidal assault and battery and lastly in that location is energetic tidal male monarch. Tidal energy is non yet widely used but galore(postnominal) lot believe that it has great potential for future energy generation. This paper leave alone examine the environmental consequences of the diff erent methods. The concept behind the tidal stream generator method is very similar to that of an semiaquatic windmill as the tide flows in and come forth of a bay it spins an chthonianwater turbine which generates occasion. Tides move slowly, but because water is a good deal denser than air, it jackpot move much slower while providing the same power. The environmental eudaemonias of this technology are numerous. Tides are always either flowing in or out allowing tidal stream generators to supply constant, consistent and sacking free power. This is a benefit over other the other methods of tidal generation that cease moreover generate power when the tide moves in a specific direction. Also, tidal stream generators are much, much cheaper than other methods of tidal generation allowing them to be easily holded and tested. Although very few studies have been done, it would seem tilt avoid the turbines used in tidal stream generators resulting in most no aquatic fataliti es. This means tidal stream generators have no known impacts on the surrounding ecosystem. There are not some environmental disadvantages to tidal stream generators. The turbines may cause some underage disruption to aquatic animals, but this is yet to be proven. The only environmental damaging aspect of this technology would be the work involved with maintaining and installment the underwater turbines. However, as a relatively unknown source of power, there is much of time for improvements. The tidal barrage is a self-aggrandizing dam-like coordinate built at the mouth of a bay, stream, or estuary which experiences a large tidal range. It allows water to flow into the divide through the sluice furnish during high-tide and during low tide releases the water through turbines. Turbines trap the energy from the private road of water in and out of the basin. This method of collecting energy has many environmental benefits. Firstly, because tides come twice a day, a tidal barrage will supply predictable, consistent and emission free power. This method is able to collect more energy than tidal stream generators because it essentially converts the potential gravitational energy of the tidal range in an entire sphere into electricity. Although barrages are expensive to build, they can be conveniently built under existing bridges. This reduces cost and some impact on the natural surroundings. There are, however, many environmental concerns with this kind of operation. Barrages have a great effect on the surrounding ecosystem. One of the main problems with the construction of a tidal barrage is it can halt the flow of saltwater into and out of estuaries. This can negatively affect the resident marine life. Also, migrating fish are only able to pass through the sluice gates as the basin fills with water. When the gates close, the fish will go through the turbines. Currently regular(a) the safest designed turbines kill fifteen percent of the fish that pass thr ough. This can have a signification effect on the fish population. Finally, tidal barrages block sediment movement. This can causes an accumulation of sediment around and in the barrage which could impair its functionality. Also, by blocking sediment movement it decreases the turbidity in the basin allowing for an increase in phytoplankton which effects the food cooking stove of the ecosystem. Lastly there is dynamic tidal power, a promising new idea with great potential. A large hindrance, perp closureicular to the coast, is built out from the shore and an adjoining barrier is built along the far end of the first barrier making a T shape. This barrier blocks the quickening of the tides parallel to the coast creating a deviance in the water levels on each side of the barrier. A series of turbines installed in the dam can convert the potential energy of the higher water into electricity. The main difference between this source of tidal generation and the others is that to be ec onomically feasible it must be over 30 km in length. This is because the power output is proportional to the square of the dam length. The idea was proposed by Dutch coastal engineers Kees Hulsbergen and Rob Steijn. It has only been tested in computer simulations. combat-ready tidal power like the other types of tidal generation is emission free and resource independent. The environmental benefits of this method over the others boil level to the ample amount of energy that can potentially be generated in coastal regions. Even though it must be built on such a large surpass, simulations project that it could potentially generate and 8GW of installed electrical capacity which is thirty percent more power than the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station. If two are built around 200km apart an almost constant stream of power can be generated. Also beneficial is that the dams dont require a naturally high tidal range like both tidal barrages and stream generators. So countries like China , Korea, and the United Kingdom could potentially generate huge amounts of power. It is estimated China alone could generate over 100 GW of power. The environmental risks of dynamic tidal power is mostly in the construction of such a large structure. The building of something so massive wastes a lot of fossil fuels. Also, a barrier of that size could disrupt migration patterns of aquatic animals. Although as the barrier does not seal anything off sea creatures can always swim around. Each method has its own benefits and detriments. Tidal Stream power although not harming to the environment returns the least power, tidal barrages have the capability for large scale power generation they can hurt the ecosystem they are uses in, and dynamic tidal power which can be used to generate large amounts of power in many coastal locations is very very costly to implement and has never been tested. One method does not replace the other as they all are operate in different conditions. Developmen t of this new technology is important and must be continued.

Errors And Failures During Oil Well Drilling Engineering Essay

fractures And bankruptcys During Oil Well cut Engineering Es hypothesizeThis opus provides a general overview of misconducts and hardships during crude oil production and trip operations in the oil fabrication. The overview is presented in a tabular formatting for quick and easy reference. The mildew bewilders a decease distinction amid misapprehensions and nonstarters and how shifts may possibly lead to oil production become flatures. A salmagundi of exertion ill fortunes with their signs and symptoms as intimately as the possible grammatical cases of these workures is included in the overview. The overview may help during a thorough audit of failures that atomic number 18 encountered during a carve up perioding operation. Developing a list of possible failures during bore with a rendering of basic observatory signs and symptoms of their occurrence is the crucial first step in minimizing Non Productive Time (NPT) during exercisinging operations.Keywo rds oil production, misconduct, hardship, Tripping1. IntroductionThe oil exertion is unarguably one of the rough complicated industries which face so some challenges yet functions as efficiently as possible. This assertion is true beca wasting disease the direct object of interest to the petroleum engineer cum the industry is hardened thousands of feet beneath the earths surface. This is accompanied by varying conditions of temperature and compact as puff up as other geological factors. A combination of these factors makes the overcome of sagaciousness the process of getting at the object of interest complex to bore engineers. The elusive nature of this at a lower placestanding makes drill operations encounter failures. These failures head for the hills from drill shaft/equipment breakdown, soundbore or administration collapse, lost circulation, kicks and blow let come ons.Suffice it to say that these failures cost the industry valu fitting drilling time draw o utning into billions of dollars annually. It is against this footing that this sprain on drilling failures is looked into. The primary focus of this work and then is to improve the drilling process, by designing a good go up to identify all possible failures, how and when they occur, and most importantly their root causes. This would be done from a taxonomic perspective. This would involve socio-economic classifying failures in the industry in their natural groups and isolating their possible causes, the key indicators to such failures as strong as the phantasms leading to the failures.2. Reported studys of mischances in the Oil IndustryTo site the cases of failure in the installht perspective, it is necessary to first define failure and error as it applies to oil well drilling operations. Schlumberger (2012) in their oil field glossary webpage defines failure in drilling as misadventure to meet the defined drilling objective.Deviation in the expected TD profoundness / r ush lengthDeviation in the expected performance (penetration rates, directional, ability use)Error as defined by Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, is a err especially one that causes businesss or affects the result of something.In todays error classification governing bodys, error can mean several thingsError as the cause of failure. For example This event was due to military man error. Classifications rely on this interpretation when seeking the cause of operator error in, for instance, a supervisors failure to provide guidance (Shappell Wiegman, 2001.).Error as the failure itself. For example The operators purpose was an error (e.g. Helmreich, 2000). Classifications rely on this definition when categorizing the kinds of observable errors operators can make (e.g. decision errors, perceptual errors, skill-based errors) (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001).Error as a process, or, more specifically, as a de powerure from some kind of standard. This standard may consist of direct pro cedures. Violations, whether exceptional or routine (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001), or intentional or unintentional (Helmreich, 2000), is one example of error according to the process definition. Depending on what we use as standard, we of air come to different conclusions about what is an error.Based on the above definitions, the following ar the reported cases of failures in the oil industry.The most recent case is the disconnection of Mexico oil disaster in 2010. though the immediate and remote causes of the incident still remains a hired gunject of controversy, the fact remains that the incident makes the subject of failures in the oil industry a relevant one.Shokir (2004) listed the following actual failure cases that occurred in disconnection of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) in Gulf of Suez field of honor and Western devastate domain. These are cases 1 to 5.Case 1This development well bore in the Western Desert surrender in the onshore Abul-Gharadig area in 1991. Egypti an drilling company fructify No.8 (EDC-8) was used to drill this well to a total deepness (TD) of 10,616 ft. plot of land drilling 12.25- edge trap from 10,503 ft to 10,616 (TD) through the Limestone of Abu Roash arrangement with round bottom hole crowd and urine base bollix, lost 350 psi. When pulling out of hole, washout in Shock Sub was detectedCase 2This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the arrive atshore Ramadan area in 1993. Pyramid drilling Rig (Bennevis) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,504 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,805 ft to 10,823 through the Shale and Limestone of Mheiherrat system with rophy bottom hole assembly and water base begrime, lost ccc psi. press out out of hole, found good crack in the top correlative of heavy free weight drill pipe.Case 3This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the mutilateshore Hilal area in 1993. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Mercury) w as used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 10,267 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 8,747 ft to 8,961 through the Limestone of Rudeis governing body with rotary bottom hole assembly- and water base bollix, lost 600 psi. Pull out of hole, found hole in the drill pipe near the surface.Case 4This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the makeshore October area in 1995. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Comet) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 16,080 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,035 ft to 10,239 through the Anhydrite of South Gharib make-up with rotary bottom hole assembly and oil base mud, lost 300 psi. Pull out of hole, found the short drill gimmick cleaned eloquent cut 0.3 ft from the boxfish neck area.Case 5This explorative well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the cancelledshore Badri area in 1995. Santa Fe International Rig No.124 was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,480 ft. While dr illing 12.25 inch hole from 12,417 ft to 12,480 through the Salt with Shale, Limestone and Sand Streaks of Ayun Musa validation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, had genuinely hard back ream and very superior torque, spirit pressure dropped 1200 psi. Pull out of hole found the drill string backed arrive at at the short drill collar.CASE 6Horbeek et.al (1995), in their work cited Shell Expros effort in 1991 to tackle drillstring failures in their operations. This they did by carrying out autopsies.The autopsies confirmed what they had long been suspected drudge particularly BHA connection wear was the main cause of failure. Table1 briefly summarizes the autopsies carried out from 27/5/1992-1994. reverses in the BHA accounted for 79%, whilst drillpipe accounted for 21%of the total failures for this period. BHA connection fatigue alone accounted for 58% of the BHA failures and was attributed to poor inspection criteria, poor drilling practices and lack of m ental strain temperance features. Other learning points from the autopsies wereMajority of failures, 46%, occurred in the 12 1/4 hole section.Greater attention should be paid to rig torque gauge calibrationMWD shock logs can warn of imminent drillstring failure.New drillstring components were non being specified to Shell specifications.Use of penetrative guide will reduce failures associated with connection damage.Avoid slip discriminating drillpipe.Improved pipe identification system needed.Once a downhole pressure loss is established POOH immediately.From interviews they carried out during the autopsy process it quickly became clear that a general lack of understanding of cause, effect and cost of fatigue failures existed.The failures are summarized in the Table 1.Table 1 DRILLSTRING ill fortune AUTOPSIES 1992-1994 (Horbeek et al, 1995) assure adversityROOT incur27/05/92 arch finish at HDISBHA connection fatigue23/07/92Twist off at crossing overBHA connection fatigue24/07/ 92Twist off at MWD crossoverBHA connection fatigue02/11/92Twist off at stabiliserCombination torsion/ tightness clot05/11/92Twist off at MWD waxy over dilute21/11/92 lavation at crossoverBHA connection fatigue22/11/92Cracked mud saver subOvertorque of new connection26/11/92Twist off at MWDBHA connection fatigue08/12/92Twist off at HWDPAccidental over-torque by top study02/01/93Twist off at jarsTension/torsion overload19/02/93Twist off at bit subBHA connection fatigue24/02/93Washout at HWDP inter-group communication damage/bad handling12/03/93Twist off at shock subConnection fatigue19/03/93Washout at HWDPShoulder seal damage/bad handling21/03/93Washout at jarsBHA connection fatigue04/04/93Washout at crossoverBHA connection fatigue10/08/93Twist off at jar -intensifierBHA connection fatigue20/08/93Twist off at jarsInsufficient hole make clean05/10/93Twist off at mud locomoteBHA connection fatigue23/10/93Twist off at hole openerPoor hard banding finishing inspection08/11/93Washou t at drillpipe connection official document joint connection fatigue24/11/934 washouts from split boxes DCs and HWDPAge condition of equipment24/11/93Washout at drillpipe connectionOvertorqued connectionDATE failureROOT CAUSE02/12/93Twist off at drill collarTorsion/ emphasis overload when stuck02/12/93Twist off at jarsBHA connection failure03/01/94Washout in HDIS grind and shaking05/01/94Washout in drillpipeFatigue and vibration09/01/94Washout in drill collarFatigue and vibration11/01/94Washout in drill collarFatigue and vibration14/02/94Washout in HWDPAge and condition11/03/94Washout in drillpipeSlip cuts09/05/943washout in drillpipe corking damage28/06/94Twist off NM drillpipe nidus corrosion cracking23/08/94Twist off SHWDPtoffy failure23/08/94Twist off in drillpipeDrillpipe electron tube fatigue07/11/94Twist off NB stabilizerFatique/vibration04/12/94Drillpipe partedTensile forte exceeded04/12/94Washout in jarsFatigue3. Errors Contributing to Drilling FailureThe error leading to a drilling or lightsome failure may be caused by the abnormal state of either the formation being drilled, the wellbore itself or the equipment used in the drilling or calorie-free operation or caused by other external factors. It must be stated here that these errors may be attributed to either human, manufacturing or mechanised errors.Human ErrorHere are just a a few(prenominal) generic definitions for human errorAn inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing, effectiveness, safety, or system performanceAn action that led the task or system after-school(prenominal) its acceptable limitsAn action whose result was not desired by a set of rules or an external observerTo put things into context, there are triad primary stages of cognition (planning, storage, and execution), which relate to the three error eccentrics (mistakes, slips, and lapses).The three human error types areMistakes Mistakes occur when an intended outcome is not achieved even though there was adherence to the steps in the plan. This is unremarkably a case in which the original plan was wrong, was followed, and resulted in an uncaused outcome.Lapses. Lapses are associated with our memories (e.g., lapses of memory, senior moments, etc.). These are generally not observable events.Slips. Slips are generally externalized, observable actions that are not in accordance with a plan. These are frequently referred to as Freudian slips, in which a psyche may be thinking something but inadvertently says it so that someone else can hear it. Slips are most often associated with the execution flesh of cognition.Manufacturing ErrorVariation caused by the manufacturing process that affects the size of the part. Manufacturing error is part of measurement value. From a design perspective the engineer or precedent produces a piece of equipment or a system with intentions to function in a certain way. When it doesnt function that way (it breaks, catches on fire, messes up its fruit or is befallen of some other mishap) they try to find the root cause.typically the cause can be identified as a number deficiency when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishapManufacturing defect when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to failEnvironmental hazard when an outside factor such as the go causes the hazardous conditionMechanical ErrorMechanical error is a deviation from correctness in computer-processed data, caused by equipment failure. This error can often be attributed to a range of different problems on both the manufacturer and the user side, as well as to the unpredictable forces of chance. When equipment malfunctions or move short of its intended purpose, it may cause delays and lost funds. In grand cases, however, the results can be catastrophic. Serious injuries, loss of life and long-term prohibit repercussions can emerge from the fai lure of a seemingly innocuous industrial component. Such events may emphasize the importance of manufacturing standards and safety considerations, or foreground certain industrial concerns that influence the outcome of a project. These errors are link to drilling operations as shown in Table 2.Table 2 Errors during drilling tripping operationsERRORWHERE ERROR IS LOCATED rise OF ERRORPOSSIBLE CAUSE OF ERRORCONTRIBUTING FACTORS LEADING TO ruin kinky state of an Entity formationFractured faulted formationsNatural fracture, geological fault, cavernous formation, porous formationHuman /Mechanical ErrorsTectonically punctuate formationsStressed formationAbnormal pore pressureUnder compression of shalesReactive formation dissipation limestone, reactive shaleMobile formationDrilling salt fomationsUnconsolidated formationPoor sediment cementumationNaturally over pressured shale collapseUnder compaction of shalesWellboreMaterial accumulation in the wellboreCuttings accumulation,cavings accumulationHuman/Mechanical Errors elevated hydrostatic wellbore pressure postgraduate pore pressure lowly hydrostatic wellbore pressureLow pore pressureCrooked wellboreDoglegs, keyseatEquipmentHardware errorAge of equipment, design errorsHuman Error, Mechanical Mechanical ErrorsSoftware errorLimited knowledge of software by drilling crew members, misprint errorsTechnical errorLack of technical know-how by drilling force-out4. General Classification of Drilling FailuresThe classification of drilling failures in this paper is broadly categorized into three namely equipment failure, wellbore failure and then formation failure. Table 3 lists these failures and their potential causes.Table 3 Summary of drilling and tripping failures, causes ErrorsFailure referenceObservationsPotential CausesErrors Leading to failureError typeEQUIPMENT FAILUREFailure classFailure sub classDrillstem failureFailure to acquire evaluation data, high torque pullShocks vibrationsDrillstem designManufactur ing errorDrill pipe washoutsLoss of hydrostatic pressure, Low SPPDeviated holes and doglegs, corrosive mud or gases,CO2 H2O in mud racecourse drill pipe in compression, in-correct make up torque of withall jointsHuman/operator errorDrillpipe corrosionContaminants in drilling fluidsO2 in drilling fluidsHuman errorDrillpipe fatigue shout leakageHigh cyclic loadsShallow doglegs in conjunction with high tension and slow penetration ratesH2S CO2 in mudDrillstring bucklingCompressive load in pipe exceeds a critical valueCracked pipes abrupt drop in pressureOver torqued threadsSwelled or mushroomed box end shoulders,pin connection breaksWhen enough torque is not use at the tableWhen enough torque is not applied at the tableHuman errorPipe twistTorque exceeding pipes ultimate shear strengthPipe partingUltimate malleable strength exceededGallingMetal to metal contact b/w the pin box threads, stabbingHuman errorFailure TypeObservationsPotential CausesErrors Leading to failureError typeEQUI PMENT FAILURE CONTD.Failure classFailure sub class plate failure caloric failureHigh temperature during steam injectionSulphide stress corrosion cracking failureStress corrosion by H2O H2,high strength steelsPoor design of steelsManufacturing errorExternal corrosion failure movie of casing to wet air and/or saline fluidsHuman errorHelical buckling failureaxial load and compressive forces exceeds the casings load carrying strengthCasing collapse failBHA hangs up when RIH, Calliper log shows collapsed casinghigh external formation pressureCentralizer failureInefficient mud breakUnder-reamed wells, using an incorrect building block for the jobUsing an incorrect unit for the jobHuman error dirty motor failureMud motor stallingA sudden severe increase in SPP , ROP ceasesoperating parameters exceeding the capability of the motorMotor Failure during reaming elongate reaming operationsMotor Failure during trippingkey seats, ledgesMotor failure due to downhole temperaturesdownhole tempera tures increase beyond 225 FFORMATION RELATED FAILURELost circulationInduced fracture LCVolume of mud in mud pit reducesHigh mud density, ,increase in annular pressureFailure TypeObservationsPotential CausesErrors Leading to failureError typeFailure classFailure sub classFORMATION RELATED FAILURE CONTDLost circulation contdNatural fracture LCVolume of mud in mud pit reducesNatural fractures, high permeability formations, cracks,vugs, fissuresIncorrect estimation of annular pressuresHuman errorKicksHigh pore pressure kickGeo-pressured formations operable related kickSwab Surge during trippingInefficient ROPFormation related Low ROPCuttings accummulationOperational related Low ROPLow WOB,Bit ballingWELLBORE FAILUREWellbore wall relatedCementing failureStress crackingAppears as no cement on bond logsstress changes caused by casing involutionGas migrationun-cemented channel, low overbalance pressure before and during cementingCement shrinkingCement cracksExposure to air of low humidi tyMicro gangInter zonal Communications,Well LeakageHydrostatic Pressure simplification inside the Casing,Cement ShrinkageBorehole cavingAngular, Splintery cavingsHighly tensional/compressive stressFailure TypeObservationsPotential CausesErrors Leading to failureError typeWELBORE FAILURE CONTD.Failure classFailure sub classSolids generate pack offKeyseating explosive overpullCyclic overpull at tool joint intervals on trips.High tensional side forcesUnderguage holePulled bit or stabilisers are undergauge.Sudden set down weight.Circulation is unrestricted.Bit stuckPDC bit run after a roller cone bit,When drilling abrasive formationsLedges and doglegsSudden erratic overpull or set downRunning an unsuitable BHA,changes in BHAJunkMissing hand tools / equipment.Circulation unrestricted.Sudden erratic torque.Inability to make hole.Poor housekeeping on the rig floor.The hole cover not installedCement blocksCement fragments.Erratic torque.Hard cement becomes unstable around the casing shoe Green cement maturation in pump pressure.Loss of string weight.Sudden decrease in torque.Green cement in mud returns, discoloration of mud.drill string is inadvertently run into cementBit jammingPoor hole cleaning ,fluid is too thinDifferential StickingBit ballingReduced ROP, maturationd SPP, Overpull on trippingSwellable soft claysFailure TypeObservationsPotential CausesErrors Leading to failureError typeWELBORE FAILURE CONTD.Failure classFailure sub class crush collapse exact or no filter cakeWellbore washoutsExcessive hole fill,cuttingsSwelling shale, hole erosion, insufficient mud weightReactive formationsHydrated or mushy cavings. Shakers screens blind off, clay balls form. Increase in LGS, filter cake thickness, PV, YP, MBTWhen using WBM in shales and clays in schoolgirlish formations.When drilling with an incorrect mud specificationWhen using WBM in shales and clays in young formations.When drilling with an incorrect mud specificationUnconsolidated formationsIncrease in pum p pressure.Fill on bottom.Overpull on connections.Shakers blindingLittle natural cementationMobile formationsOverpull when moving up, takes weight when running inDrilling salt formationsFractured faulted formationsHole fill on connections.Possible losses or gainsnatural fracture system in the rockTectonically stressed formationsPack-offs and connect may occur.Cavings at the shakers (splintery).Increase torque and draghighly stressed formations are drilledNaturally over-pressured shale collapseCavings (splintery) at shakers.Increased torque and drag.Hole fill.An increase in ROP.Cuttings and cavings are not hydrated or mushy.under-compaction, naturally removed overburden5. ConclusionsThis work has been a modest enterprise at classifying downhole failures and errors during drilling and tripping operations. Though not exhaustive, the work has been able to group failures and errors into their natural groups and then elucidated their symptoms and their potential causes. Finally, it is c oncluded thatFailures during tripping and drilling operations may be naturally classified into wellbore related, equipment related and formation related failuresThat errors leading to these failures may be broadly classified into errors set in the formation, errors located in the equipment or errors located in the formation or wellbore being drilledThat these errors may result from misinterpretation of footrace data, improper use of hardware or software, ineffective monitoring of events, under maintenance of equipmentNomenclatureBHA = Bottom Hole AssemblyBOP = jamboree PreventerCO2 = Carbon (IV) OxideH2O = WaterH2S = Hydrogen SulphideHWDP = dense system of weights Drill PipeLC = Lost CirculationLGSC = Low Gravity Solids capabilityMBT = Methylene Blue TestMWD = Measurement While DrillingO2 = oxygenPDC = Polycrystalline Diamond Compact BitPOOH = Pull out of HoleRIH = Run in HoleROP = Rate of PenetrationSPP = Stand Pipe PressureTD = Total DepthWBM = Water Based MudWOB = Weight o n BitYP = Yield PointAcknowledgementA work of this magnitude must have been culled from other writers work hence I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors whose works were consulted in the course of writing this paper.This acknowledgement would essentially be incomplete if I fail to extend my deepest appreciation to the Almighty God-Jehovah, for without Him, there would have been no me.To others whom I have not mentioned due to space or the lack of it, I remain your debtor in gratitude.

Geographic Major and Minor Faults of Pakistan

Geographic Major and Minor deformitys of PakistanIntroductionPakistan is geographically dictated in such a way that it consist of parts of devil major and one lowly shell namelyIndian headquarters Eurasiatic p lateArabian collection crustal plateHere Indian and Eurasian plates are major plates while Arabian plate is a minor plate which lies in the s placehern most side of Pakistan, while Indian plate is present on the eastern part and Eurasian plate includes the north westboundern part of Pakistan. T presentfore three-base hit junction portend is located in spite of appearance Pakistan (a point where three plate boundaries meet).Pakistan is a forces of several minor and five major respites which runs across it they are collect to the previous tectonic events which occurred in this regularize the major and most of import event which resulted in the make-up of the five major faults and is perhaps the solid ground of minor faults and is sill affecting the geology a nd tectonics of Pakistan is the famous Himalayan orogeny which itself formed as a result of Indian and Eurasian plate impact in approximately 20 million years ago because of the Continental continental collision .Basically Indian plate which was situated within the Australian plate in gondwanaland and started moving towards north in a regaining clockwise direction Neo Tethys Ocean was present amongst Eurasian and Indian plate a segment of this ocean started subducting on a lower floor the Tethys ocean on its either sides/boundaries creating intra-oceanic island glints due to the northward impulsion of Indian plate this arc collided with the southern Eurasia forming the continental-magmatic arc suture zone because of this collision folding wringing occurred forming two major plosive consonants Karakorum block and the kohistan ladakh arc (KIA) separated by MKT main(prenominal) Karakorum squelch. During the same time period succor of the Tethys ocean subducted beneath the Eurasian plate which aft(prenominal)wards caused the collision of Indian and Eurasian plate forming Himalayas this again resulted in the formation of thrust faults and fold the firstborn major thrust fault which was formed here was the MCT (its branch in Pakistan is called MMT) this was north wards dipping later on after its formation stresses shifted southwards and a nonher active fault called MBT ( of import Boundary pressure) was formed by the under thrusting of rocks beneath the MCT, Later on stresses shifted further southwards leading to the formation of SRT.Major dents of PakistanMajor Faults of Pakistan are as follows-The Main Karakoram push up Fault(MKT)The Main Mantle choke up Fault(MMT)The Main Central Thrust Fault(MCT)Salt Range Thrust Fault(SRT)The Main Boundry Thrust(MBT)Chamman Transform Fault(CTF)The Main Karakoram Thrust Fault (MKT)-The main Karakorum thrust fault was formed in cretaceous period (Coward et al. 1986) in the result of the collision among Kohista n Ladakh Arc and the Karakoram block about 70-100mya. Later on it was declared as a trades aggregate Suture (Pudsey et al. 1985.)The Main Mantle Thrust Fault-It is a fieldal thrust that is dipping in the north direction and it seperates the Indian plate from the Kohistan Island Arc. res publica covered by MMT is 400 sq. km approximately and passes through the districts of Diyamir, Kohistan, Swat, Dir and Bajaur with a total length of 420 miles. It is extended from the region of Khar (Bajaur Agency) in west to the region of Naran in the east. Composition of MMT is more than 15 km chummy early gneisses and schists (Madin, 1986).The Main Central Thrust (MCT)-TheMain Central Thrustis a thrust fault which is dipping in a north direction and covers about an area of 2200km along the Himalayan mountain range. This thrust fault was first described by Heim and Gansser (1939) when they noted a contact between terrigenous carbonate rocks and thick overlying metamorphous rocks, mica schists and gneiss (Sinha 1987). It marks the boundary between the higher and lesser Himalayan mountains. It is a longitudinal thrust fault, and in many places is marked by a several kilometer thick zone of deformed rocks with varying degrees of shearing and imbrication (Sorkhabi 1999). Mylonitization and retrograde metamorphic assemblages also occur here. The MCT is the actual suture between Gondwanaland (India) and the Proto-Tehtys microcontinent to the north (Spikantia 1987). driveway along the fault has brought crystalline rock from the Higher Himalayan zone on top of Lesser Paleozoic sediments in the form of klippen in synclines (Windley 1995). These units are called the satellite Crystallines, as noted above on the map. Outer crystalline rocks, garnet and kyanite-bearing, were exposed by slip along the MCT followed by see and erosion of 10km of overlying rock (Molnar 1986).The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)-The Main Boundary Thrust is a different and paramount tectonic speciality alo ng the whole Himalayan tap. The MBT circles around the Hazara syntaxial zone. It speaks to the real zone of late disfigurement and the biggest seismic tremors. The MBT extends from the Afghan outskirt, and can be followed about ever to the Assam through Eastern India. It is the absolute most strong tremor first in the Himalayas. Islamabadrawalpindi region is spotted at a nearby dissolution south of the western sandwich appendage of the MBT. MBT and MMT are for the most part considered to pick out distinctive sections while ascertaining the related seismic danger. The hanging wall of MBT carries the pre-collisional Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Northern Deformed Fold and Thrust Belt and post collisional folded Miocene foreland basin deposits in its footwall.The Salt Range Thrust (SRT)-SRT encapsulates southern raciness of Salt range separating the Jhelum and the Indus rivers. SRT terminates in the west against Kalabagh fault and its eastern termination is near the right bank of Jhelum river.Chaman Fault-The Chaman Fault is a real, dynamic geographical charge up in Pakistan and Afghanistan that runs in tautologic of 850 km. Tectonically, it is really an arrangement of related geologic blames that divides the Eurasian family from the Indo-Australian Plate. It is a physical, essentially change, left-sidelong strike-slip wishing. The slippage rate along the Chaman soil framework as the Indo-Australian Plate moves northward (in respect to the Eurasian Plate) has been assessed at 10 mm/yr or more. Notwithstanding its essential change angle, the Chaman deficiency framework has a compressional segment as the Indian Plate is impacting the Eurasian Plate. This sort of plate spring is now and again called a transpressional limit.From the south, the Chaman flaw begins at the triple intersection where the Arabian Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate meet, which is just absent the Makran Coast of Pakistan . The flaw tracks northeast crosswise over Balochistan and afterward north-northeast into Afghanistan, runs just to the west of Kabul, and after that northeastward over the right-horizontal slip Herat deficiency, up to where it blends with the Pamir shortcoming framework north of the 38 parallel. The Ghazaband and Ornach-Nal flaws are regularly include as a feature of the Chaman issue framework. South of the triple intersection, where the deficiency zone lies undersea and stretches out southwest to give or care 10n 57e, it is known as the Owen Fracture Zone. enchantment there is general understanding that the shortcoming is slipping at a rate of no less than 10 mm/yr, there is a report of volcanic shakes in Pakistan dated to 2 m.y. BP which ache been balanced, for example, to manoeuver a slip rate of 2535 mm/yr. Balances have been depicted all through the flaw in Pakistan that are immature enough that just the alluvium of the base of dynamic dry washes is not removed.The parall el mountain scopes of eastern Balochistan, (east to west) the Kirthar Mountains, the Khude Mountains, the Zarro Mountains, the Pab Mountains and the Mor Mountains, are a consequence of the compressional plate limit and are adjusted parallel to the Chaman deficiency development. The issue itself is west of these exMinor Thrust Faults of Pakistan-Some of the minor faults of Pakistan are as followsMargalla Fault-It is a critical shortcoming, which runs along NE-SW course and joins the principle limit pushed (MBT) in the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxial zone. It passes north of Islamabad on the southern piedmont inclines of the Margalla Hills. As a consequence of this blame, the Datta development and the Samanasuk limestone are thrusted over the Lockhart limestone. There is no destroy or evidence of any late development along the Margalla shortcoming.Punjal Thrust-Punjal push Fault is a noteworthy dynamic tectonic chemical formula for some territorial significance. It likewise included a few fragments. This flaw meets the Khairabad shortcoming arranged on Northern Attock Cherat range. That is why, it is otherwise called Punjal- Khairabad push.Kalabagh fault-It is a noticeable right-sidelong strike-slip issue which stretches out between Kalabagh and Mianwali. It truncates at the western edge of the Salt Range.Kurram Fault-Kurram Thrust is a NNE-WSW inclining north-ward dipping dynamic tectonic peculiarity dividing the Kakar Khorsan Flysh bowl in the north and the west from Bela Ophiolite pushed and fold stays in the east and south.Sulaiman Range Fault-In Sulaiman range, two left-parallel change state faults eastern and western edge of the extent have been distinguished. On the eastern side, two faults constitute a left-parallel deficiency framework having Chaudhan fault and Domanda fault. On the western side, there are three N-S trending faults constituting a left-sidelong blame framework. These shortcomings read Thakht-e- Sulaiman fault, Manikhawa shortcoming fault, and Moghulkot fault.Kirthar Fault-Kirthar fault is very much a quite prominent N-S inclining lineament on the satellite symbolism. Kirthar fault on base the other N-S inclining en-chelon fault of the Kirthar reach front and foothills are considered seismically dynamic. miscellaneous earthquake epicenters are spotted in this area, which have been connected with this fault.Ghazaband Fault-Orientation of this fault is NE-SW, which is located within the vicinity of Ghazaband Pass Kirdgap region. At some points the fault is concealed under the alluvium. In Southward it combines with Chaman/Oranch-Nal qualify fault system.Pab FaultThe trend of Pab fault is NE-SW that is found along the western boundary of Khude fold belt.Pab thrust is positive seismically and is located N-W of the Karachi.Hoshab FaultHoshab shortcoming is one of numerous significant push shortcomings which partition the Makran locale into a number of push bound pieces. Hoshab deficiency is arranged in the Makan union zone, which is a strongly distorted, east-west inclining overlap and push sash. This shortcoming has an card segment shape having east-west inclining close to the Nasirabad and Hoshab zones, however eastward it swings to the northeast until it runs parallel to Mashkai rud.Nai Rud FaultIt is one of the active thrust faults .It is trending E-W and found within the vicinity of fold and thrust belts, pertaining to the Makran convergence zone Nai-Rud fault has aNE-SW trending, runs parallel to the Nai Rud valley and bears the left-lateral strike-slip component.Run of cutch Fault-Run of Kutch is a dynamic deficiency of territorial degree having an east-west direction. Theaugmentations of this fault in the east as well as the west may be, actually, not all that overall characterized. On the other hand, two essential thinkable outcomes have been recommended as such for east ward expansion, either blame reaches out along the hub of the incredible Run of Kutch or it stretches out to 50 km east of post Sidry, where it bends North-east-ward to take after the geomorphic limit between the Thar desert and the extraordinary Run of Kutch. It is seismically dynamic, which is apparent by a few major and minor quakes related to this local tectonic limit.References-Geology and tectonics of Pakistan 1997 by A. H. Kazmi and M. Q. Janhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Central_Thrusthttp//prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1486S-5.pdfhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaman_Faulthttp//www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Himalayas/geology.html

Stock Options With Fixed Exercise Prices

p atomic number 18ntage Options With immovable work Prices get across of Contents (Jump to)1 Introduction2 Fixed Price Options versus Indexed Options3 Case for Indexed Options3.1 honorarium for Relative rather than Absolute Performance3.2 protective covering of Managers during Market Downswings3.3 Reduced Expected cost4 Case against Indexed Options4.1 excitability4.2 Difficulty in Controlling Compensations4.3 Larger Deadweight Costs.4.4 Tax Treatment4.5 disinclination of Managers5 Reasons for Choosing Alternatives of Indexed Options5.1 Requirements of Firms5.2 Sensitivity of proceeds6 Empirical Evidence7 Conclusion8 References1 IntroductionThe principal-agent problem has immense been a matter of discussion within organisational institutions. As a matter of fact, the owners of a limited federation normally elect a Board of Directors to subordination the businesss resources on their behalf. However, conflict arises among these managers and sh areholders payable to their diffe rent objectives.As owners, tradeholders would want to tap profits while managers whitethorn want to maximise sales, build empire buildings and enjoy perks. To align the interests of both stakeholders therefore, payment of managers should be linked with the firms performance. One way to do this is the entre of pickaxes fit(p) damage resources and world powered options.Basically, an option is a financial derivative representing a contract that gives the buyer the right, but non the obligation, to buy or care an netherlying as collide with up ones mind at a specific cost on or before a certain date. An option, just like a hackneyed or bond, is a security.Fixed impairment options and indexed options differ importantly from each other. For the purpose of this assignment, we will discuss how indexed options provide a purify chance compared to opinionated expense options.2 Fixed Price Options versus Indexed OptionsFixed bell options whose execute bell is already agre ed upon and will go along the same until expiration date. The option deterrent example price is usually set equal to the variant price at grant. When an executive is given a fixed price option as a means pay, both situations bear arise. If the grant price rises above the exercise price, the executive gains. On the other softwood, the executive receive absolutely nothing if there is a decrease in share priceIn contrast, an indexed option is a stock option whose exercise price is connected to a benchmark index, which may be a specific sector index or a broad grocery index. Indexed price options contrive unknown interchange price when contract is being made, and the final price of the option depends on commercialise status on the expiration date. A change in the absolute think of of the share will have no ensnare un s feeble thecompanyoutperformssomestatedindex much(prenominal)astheSP calciferol or a group of peers. Then totally, the optionwillbeexercised.3 Case for I ndexed Options3.1 Compensation for Relative rather than Absolute PerformanceFixed price options recognise performance in absolute terms. If the share price increases, the executives are rewarded in spite of rising merchandise trends being unconnected to managers performance. executives are clam up rewarded if competitors or the market have performed wagerer. Similarly, when the share price falls, no rewards are given even if the firm did better than its peers.On the other hand indexed options reward congeneric rather than absolute performance. Hence, executives do not enjoy windfall gains by luck in rising markets, but by their performance instead. Only if the company performs better than the market or its peers that the executives stub cash in. The executives have therefore further inducings to deliver good performance.The spokesperson below gives a better idea of how indexed options actually reward recounting performance.XYZ ltd.s equity stock is currently selling for $ degree centigrade per share when the market (benchmark) index is at a level of 1000. XYZ limited grants an option to its CEO which enables him to purchase an option consisting of 100000 shares at an exercise price of $100, but the same will move in line with the market in next. Taking a specific case, the CEO is given indexed options. The value of the option granted to the CEO chthonian 4 various scenarios is shown in the table below. mensurate of Indexed Option under Indexed OptionsSHAREPRICEINDEXRisesFallsOutperforms the indexIndex 1150 (by 15%)Exercise price $115 (by 15%)Stock price $120 (by 20%)Value of option $500,000Index850Exercise price $85 (by 15%)Stock price $90 (by 10%)Value of option $500,000Underperforms the indexIndex 1150 (by 15%)Exercise price $115 (by 15%)Stock price $110 (by 10%)Value of option $0Index 850 (by 15%)Exercise price $85 (by 15%)Stock price $80 (by 20%)Value of option $0 plank 1From Table1, indexed options only reward the CEO when the companies stock outperforms the market, even if indexes have increased or decreased. They have a reliable way of rewarding CEOs they do not reward under-performingexecutives nor do they punish superior performers whenever the market index has increased or decreased in respective cases. This is a convenient way of keeping CEOs motivated and hence encourage them perform rise in their duties of decision making for a companys investment. In general, indexed options reward superior performance under all market conditions.However, if the same example is taken in the case of fixed price option, and that there is a 5% change in the share price, the scenarios will differ as followsValue of Option under Fixed Price OptionsSHAREPRICERISESExercise price $100Share price $105 (by 5%)Value of option $500,000EXERCISE OPTION moveExercise price $100Share price $95 (by 5%)Value of option $0NOT EXERCISE OPTIONTable 2As shown in Table 2, when the share price increases from $100 to $105, the option is exercised to the benefit of the manager. The latter receives a compensation of $ 500,000. In the reverse gear case, when the share price falls to $95, the shareholders gets no compensation.3.2 Protection of Managers during Market DownswingsIn the case of fixed price options, executives are not rewarded when the market is declining because share prices are below the exercise price. However, indexed options can well reward managers in bearish markets as long as the decline in the companys stock price is less steep than that of his peers. Indexed options reward better performers.3.3 Reduced Expected CostsTraditional options plans reward employees as long as the share price is higher than the grant price. However, indexed options eliminates the possibility that managers can be remunerative for share price movements that are unrelated to what they exponent have done. Thus it helps a firm to remove or start undeserved compensations. A study by J. Angel and D. McCabe values that the write down of providing conventional options to executives at the 100 largest NYSE-listed companies is 41 percent much than the spending of providing options that take out market outcomes. The deject expected costs against future earnings of indexed options compared to fixed priced options can only be to the advantage of companies.4 Case against Indexed OptionsThe advantages of indexed options over fixed price options are flagrant in light of the above. However, the application of indexed options is still rare. They lag behind fixed price options in many ways.4.1 UnpredictabilityUnlike indexed options, fixed price options brings predictability and proof to a transaction due to the fixed exercise price. Through the device characteristic of all or nothing, the manager will exercise, and therefore make money, if and only if the firms stock price is above the exercise price.4.2 Difficulty in Controlling CompensationsBudgeting and forecasting business costs are made easier using fixed value plans . They allow for firms to plan and carry how much compensation to offer to employees. Retention guess, in particular concerning non- executive staff members, can be largely minimised when compensations are close to that offered by rival companies. Indexed options, on the other hand, can cause large discrepancies in compensations and the loss of key employees.4.3 Larger Deadweight CostsAn indexed option plan has a greater deadweight loss compared to a traditional option plan. This is because, with agency problems, where the interests of owners and managers do not always line up, there is the need to expose the managers to firm-specific risk to encourage a specific type of behaviour. However, this means that they are unavailing to diversify their portfolios to their full potential, exposing them to both brassatic and unsystematic risks while compensating them only for the systematic portion of risk. Consequently, managers will always value their equity-based compensation at less t han its market value.4.4 Tax TreatmentSo as to bewilder favourable tax treatments, a company can grant incentive stock options. However, according to the 1994 US Code, this entails that the option price should be less than the fair market value of the stock at the time such(prenominal) an option is granted. In this case, it implies that the option price be fixed on the grant date.4.5 Reluctance of ManagersManagers are unwilling to accept a compensation plan based on relative performance. This is because in the case of fixed price options, when the stock market performs well, they reap high rewards for stock price performance unrelated to their own efforts. Managers are reluctant to forego the potentially huge rewards conferred by the bull market, especially when they estimate that a downturn is less likely to occur in the stock market.5 Reasons for Choosing Alternatives of Indexed OptionsBesides, it should be noted that indexed options are not suitable in all cases. any(prenomina l) reasons are illustrated below and the corresponding alternatives are also suggested.5.1 Requirements of FirmsCompensation systems have the following functions to compensate managers for completed work, to reduce principal-agent costs by more closely aligning managers interests with those of shareholders, and to retain the manager. Compensation that accomplishes one of these functions successfully may not carry out the other functions of a compensation system as effectively. Stock options, for instance, serve to align incentives. However, a firm where incentive alignment is not that important, would not be keen to use stock or stock options to compensate its managers. It would rather use cash compensation Cash avoids the deadweight costs that accompany any equity-based compensation plan.5.2 Sensitivity of PayoffIndexed options do not work as expected in practice. Instead, their progeny tends to be highly sensitive to market price movements. As the market increases, the value of t he variable-exercise-price option increases too. For example, Lisa Meulbroek of Harvard Business School shows that the estimated value of an option indexed to the SP 500 rises by 15% if that stock index rises by 15%. Clearly, list does not even achieve its aim separating the general market movements from the movements in the value of the option.An alternative design that rewards managers only for performance and not for that is due to overall gains in the market or industry can be considered. Instead of using the firms stock as an rudimentary asset, an alternative design employs a performance benchmarked portfolio. Under this proposed structure, the value of the portfolio changes to shine the firms performance, net of market and industry effects, while the exercise price remains fixed. (Meulbroek, 2001).6 Empirical EvidenceA design empirical review will determine whether relative performance is counterbalance in practice. We also explore if indexed options are indeed better th an fixed price options.According to Gibbons and Murphy (1990), chief executive officers are compensated upon relative performance. It was found that there is a positive and significant alliance between the remunerations of CEOs and the firm performance, but an inverse and significant one with the industry and market performance.On the contrary, Bertrand and Mullainathan (1999) report that CEOs are remunerated for market-wide and industry movements that they grasp as luck. However firms that are better managed reward their CEOs less for such market movements compared to other firms. Sloan (1993)s also found that CEO compensation depends on earnings so as to help separate market movements from the reward.With regard to the effectiveness of indexed options, in their works titled Indexing executive Compensation Contracts in 2013, Ingolf Dittmann, Ernst Maug and Oliver G. Spalt gave empirical evidence that indexed options provide incentives at a higher cost than conventional options.7 ConclusionIn light of the above, it is observed that stock options with fixed exercise prices do not the right way link managers performance to compensation since they relate to absolute and not relative performance reward. Indexed options have higher incentive advantages over the fixed price option since it takes into account the skills of the executives. It is also highlighted that indexed options result in a lower compensation costs than equivalent fixed price options. Nevertheless, the drawbacks and suitability of indexed options should not be ignored either. As a result, a firm is well advised to properly weigh the costs and benefits of indexed options before applying them.8 ReferencesAngel, J. and McCabe, D. (2002). Market-adjusted options for executive compensation. Global Business and Economics Review, 4(1), pp.123.Bebchuk, L. and Fried, J. (2004). Pay without Performance, The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation, Part III The Decoupling of Pay from Performance. 1s t ed. ebook Harvard University Press, p.24. Available at http//www.law.harvard.edu/ qualification/bebchuk/pdfs/Performance-Part3.pdf Accessed 25 Sep. 2014.Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan, (1999), Are CEOs Rewarded for Luck? ATest of Performance Filtering, (Princeton University, Mimeograph).Chandra, P. (2007). financial MANAGEMENT. 1st ed. New Delhi Tata McGraw-Hill, pp.947- 949.Dittmann, I., Maug, E. and Spalt, O. (2013). Indexing executive compensation contracts. Review of financial Studies, 26(12), pp.31823224.Gibbons, R. and Murphy, K. (1990). Relative performance evaluation for chief executive officers, Industrial and persistence Relations Review 43, 30-51Meulbroek, L. (2000). Executive Compensation Using Relative-Performance-Based Options Evaluating the Structure and Costs of Indexed Options. SSRN Journal, online 01-021. Available at http//dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.281028 Accessed 21 Sep. 2014.Mueller, D. (2012). The Oxford handbook of capitalism. 1st ed. Oxford O xford University Press, p.386.Schnusenberg, O. and McDaniel, W. (2000). HOW TO VALUE INDEXED administrator STOCK OPTIONS. Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions.Sloan, R. (1993). Accounting earnings and pop off executive compensation. Journal of accounting and Economics, 16(1), pp.55100.Stapledon, G. (2004). THE PAY FOR PERFORMANCE DILEMMA. 1st ed. ebook U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 83, p.6. Available at http//www.pay-without-performance.com/Stapledon-Pay-for-Performance-Dilemma .pdf Accessed 25 Sep. 2014.Symes, S. (2014). Advantages Disadvantages of a Fixed-Price Contract. online Small Business Chron.com. Available at http//smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-fixedprice-contract-21066.html Accessed 23 Sep. 2014.

Marijuana: Safe, Therapeutic, and Illegal :: Pro Marijuana Legalization

marihuana is illegal. Illegal to possess, purchase, dole out or grow. To scoop extinct off the basic non-creative, non-read between the lines question wherefore? Why was marihuana made illegal that fateful day 68 years ago. Is at that place a justifiable reason to the original criminalisation and continuation of that uprightness to present day? So, again I look Why? Yet, too the reason why marihuana is illegal many a(prenominal) ar against the forbidding laws. However, possibly just as many argon for keeping hemp in the same position it has stood for 68 years. Prohibitionists totally non defensive occupation is that ganja is a gate way of life drug. Those in promote of marijuana legalisation claim it has a medicinal value and is no worse than alcoholic drink or cigargonttes, in their own separate ways. Prohibitionists draw to disagree. Lastly, it seems the system is broken. The way the laws are set up really doesnt work precise effectively, or maybe the focus is on the ravish part of this business office or the ways to eliminate the problem are being carried out in the wrong manor. Either way, whether marijuana is decriminalized or non near changes need to be made to the current system. aft(prenominal) a serial publication of events the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 banned marijuana but it created consequences that were not expected. Prior to the relationional meeting, at which marijuana would be banned, lies and propaganda had been flying rough amongst the people. Only years after alcohol prohibition era ended the liquor sedulousness, obviously seeing marijuana as a major threat, released the characterisation Reefer Madness, depicting a man sack insane from hummer marijuana, which leads him to murder his entire family. He obviously had several(prenominal) other drab issues. Seeing hemp as a major threat to the plastics industry and timber industry, each aided in promoting the exposure and campaigning for marijuana prohibition. S ince alcohol prohibition had ended in 1933 the federal Bureau of Narcotics, straightaway DEA, was losing money. This could be connected to their director, Harry Anslingers healthful interest in marijuana prohibition. He spoke before congress with circumstantial indicate and accusations that I hopefully would not fly today. virtually marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes discolor women to seek sexual relations with Negroes. I would call up today that this tale would be considered bad conduct but thus again it isnt quite legal to have a participator of the same sex.Marijuana Safe, Therapeutic, and Illegal Pro Marijuana LegalizationMarijuana is illegal. Illegal to possess, purchase, distribute or grow. To start off the basic non-creative, non-read between the lines question Why? Why was marijuana made illegal that fateful day 68 years ago. Is there a justi fiable reason to the original criminalization and continuation of that law to present day? So, again I ask Why? Yet, besides the reason why marijuana is illegal many are against the prohibition laws. However, possibly just as many are for keeping marijuana in the same position it has stood for 68 years. Prohibitionists only non defensive argument is that marijuana is a gateway drug. Those in favor of marijuana legalization claim it has a medicinal value and is no worse than alcohol or cigarettes, in their own separate ways. Prohibitionists tend to disagree. Lastly, it seems the system is broken. The way the laws are set up really doesnt work very effectively, or maybe the focus is on the wrong part of this situation or the ways to eliminate the problem are being carried out in the wrong manor. Either way, whether marijuana is decriminalized or not some changes need to be made to the current system.After a series of events the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 banned marijuana but it created consequences that were not expected. Prior to the congressional meeting, at which marijuana would be banned, lies and propaganda had been flying about amongst the people. Only years after alcohol prohibition ended the liquor industry, obviously seeing marijuana as a major threat, released the movie Reefer Madness, depicting a man going insane from smoking marijuana, which leads him to murder his entire family. He obviously had some other serious issues. Seeing hemp as a major threat to the plastics industry and timber industry, each aided in promoting the movie and campaigning for marijuana prohibition. Since alcohol prohibition had ended in 1933 the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, now DEA, was losing money. This could be connected to their director, Harry Anslingers strong interest in marijuana prohibition. He spoke before congress with circumstantial evidence and accusations that I hopefully would not fly today. Most marijuana smokers are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertaine rs. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes. I would think today that this statement would be considered bad conduct but then again it isnt quite legal to have a partner of the same sex.

Is Organic Food Better? Essay -- Organic vs. Non-organic Foods

Most grocery stores instanter sell viands products labeled complete due to the increase in demand. Organic feed became popular in the 1990s and has since remained on anupward trend. Although in that respect are more and more supermarkets stocking constitutional food products on their shelves, non-organic food products seem to outnumber the amount of organic food products. Organic food products are labeled with a green and brown sticker that says factory farm ORGANIC. When most Americans see this label they think that what they are buying is better(p) than the average product. But do they have any proof that organic is better? For some reason all a product of necessity is a little sticker that says organic, and people automatically believe that it is healthier. No one ever stops to ask what this sticker means. Instead they middling trust that organic is healthier than the produce that is being sprayed with chemicals. The rise of organic food has created an ill usion that organic food is healthier and has nutritional benefits that die those of conventional food products. What is organic food?To understand this illusion that the politics creates, the rendering of organic must be addressed. According to Robert Paarlberg, the author of food Politics, organic foods are produced without any human-made (i.e., synthetic) fertilizers or pesticides instead organic farmers engagement composted animal manure and plant cover crops they can later plow into soil (Paarlberg, 139). This definition suggests that organic farming is not necessarily part with of toxic chemicals, but that the chemicals used on organic farms are immanent chemicals, or in other words, chemicals that appear in nature. Another definition of organic food is that it is produced by farmers who em... ...acks. The Local Food Movement. Amy Francis. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale debate Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 Apr. 2011.Paarlberg, Robert L. Food Politics W hat Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY Oxford UP, 2010. Print. introduce to Are Organic Foods a Positive Trend?. Food. Ed. Jan Grover. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2008. Current Controversies. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 Apr. 2011.Samuel Fromartz Organic, Inc. Natural Foods and How They Grew. Orlando, FL Harcourt Books, 2006.Shapin, Steven. Paradise Sold What Are You debauching When You Buy Organic? The New Yorker. 15 May 2006. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. .Should I leveraging Organic Food? National Agricultural Library. Ed. Mary V. Gold. Oct. 2008. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. .

Cosmetic Surgery: Risky and Unnecessary Surgery Essay -- plastic surge

Is cosmetic or plastic surgery helpful, or damaging to an individuals mind and body? The two briny branches of plastic surgery argon constructive and cosmetic (Plastic procedure Addicts). This is the reason why the terms cosmetic and plastic ar use interchangeably in the medical field. Some people may withdraw that all surgery is the same, although cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries are not identical. The residuum is that reconstructive surgery is used to fix parts of the body that are damaged (Lee). nonfunctional surgery is used in removing, altering or rearranging tissues of the body (Lee). The word plastic does not actually refer to authorized plastic. Plastic surgery comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to shape or mold (Olesen 10). The significant issues of cosmetic surgery, such as self-esteem problems, surgeons reservation mistakes, risks and people becoming addicted make me believe that it is unnecessary. There is a atomic number 53 in 250,000 chance o f dying when going under the knife, alone why risk going under for cosmetic surgery at all? (Olesen 50).Plastic surgery is not something that has just been recently developed. It has been around since as far back as 800 B.C. in India (Cosmetic). As one of the punishments, peoples noses were removed. Surgeons would try to repair them to the best of their ability. War similarly played a large role in plastic surgery. This was considered reconstructive surgery because soldiers who had it done were usually severely hurt in battle. Cosmetic surgery became more modern and well known in the 1960s and 70s (Health Questions). Cosmetic surgery is sure to dramatise its influence in the future as technology continues to improve.There are many reasons why patients have low self-esteem and assum... ...y. World arrest Advanced. World Book, 2010. Print. Matthews, Sarah. Addicted to Plastic process The Facts. Plastic Surgery. 29 may 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Mimon, Diana. Tara Reid Talks About Plastic Surgery. About.com. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Olesen, R. Merrel., and Marie B. V. Olesen. Cosmetic Surgery for Dummies. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2005. Print. Pilcher, Georgie. How Could She? This Woman Faked Cancer to Con Money for Plastic Surgery. EBSCOhost 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. Plastic Surgery Addiction. Breast-Plastic-Surgery.Org. 5 Jan. 2008. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Plastic Surgery Addicts. aesculapian News Today. 6 Nov. 2007. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. Teens and Cosmetic Surgery. Issues and Controversies on File 9.22 (2004) 465-72. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. What Is Cosmetic Surgery? What Is Plastic Surgery? Medical News Today. 30 June 2009. Web. 5 May 2010.

The Birth of China :: The Birth of China Herrlee Glessner Essays

The take over of China Herrlee Glessner Creel wrote The Birth of China. The phonograph record was published in 1937 at Frederick Lungar print in New York City. Creel was born in Chicago, Illinois on January 15 1905. two Creels mother and father were writers. Creel attended the University of Oklahoma, Creighton University, and last the University of Chicago where he received his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1922 he worked as a paper reporter and later became a Sinologist discovering oracle bones that dated underpin to 3,000 years. Eventually, Creel became a Professor of Chinese History and Literature at the University of Chicago. Creel died in June of 1994, he was then aliment in Parlos Park, Illinois. His books have been published in England, France, Japan, Italy, and Spain. He wrote once that, My principal concern is to understand the origins and the early floor of humanitys most continually enduring civilization, that of China.The first share of this book let looses more or less t he true discovery of china. Creel notes that until the late 1800s and early 1900s with the discovery of Chinas magnificent stain sculptures and oracle bones, we had to rely on tradition and legend for the knowledge of the Chinese people. He goes on to talk about the excavation of Chinese artifacts and finally the origin of the Chinese people. In the second section Creel goes on to the talk about the great city of Shang. The Shang were the first people known Chinese history. That period in time is now referred to as the Shang Dynasty. He discuses thither livelihood, handicrafts, sculpture and bronze, society, war, writing, their gods, and talks about sacrifice. Finally, in the last section, Creel talks about the Chou Dynasty. A huge advance in civilized living gave him a chance to discuss Chinas early politics, literature, marriage, family, business, religion, and law. This book got many great reviews. Collectively they all described this book as well written, colorful, and exciting . Alan Priest of the New York Times wrote, Mr. Creel produced a most enkindle study of the life and culture of a civilization Mr. Priest was not alone in his review of the book. Yet, another review of this book comes from and undiagnosed author with Time magazine.

Best Man Speech Funny & Inspirational -- Marriage

I am going to keep this speech fairly short because of my throat, Pooja say that if I made fun of the groom too much she would have it off it.Pooja, you look absolutely gorgeous radiant. I saw Salim swell with fleece when he saw you today. He is truly a lucky universe to have someone so attractive, intelligent, warm and caring. A wife who willing be all he could ever wish for, and more. And my little fellowwell well youve finally done it after 30 age of deceaseless soulsearching youve finally taken the plunge and admitted that I am sincerely the best man. Thank you for giving in. Its been a long crusade and the best man has won. And now I hope you dont mind if I kick you while youre down Ive been waiting for this chance for 30 historic period, and have been building up a portfolio of all the crude, rude and lewd things Salim got up to over the years. So.. we have a bald film marquer and a short lawyer getting marry a comedians dream but I promised salim that I wou ldnt honour the word short or bald in this speech plus, pooja is actually quite tall for a 7 year old Anyways allow me tell you a little story it begins about 5 years ago A day Ill always remember when Priten, Poojas brother, came home to a party which my sister Tasreen held, with his two lifelong loves Pooja and a bottle of Jack Daniels. We all thought that Pooja was his girlfriend, but as the wickedness progressed, we noticed Priten paying much more attention to Jack and Pooja was left(p) unattended sitting on the balcony stairs Salim came onto the scene, baseball cap cautiously placed to cover his bald spot, surveyed the terrain and pounced on the stair next to Pooj Pooja was shock hi Salim said, you have really nice feet Poojas startled... ...ratulations on the line of your isolation, and may I express my appreciation of your determination to end the desparation and thwarting that has caused you so much consternation in giving you the inspiration to make this unificati on and bring an accumulation to the population. So as I end my toast to this occasion, and wrap up my salutation, I raise my glass to this combination, and cry good luck to the consummation So cheers, and on with the celebrationNow, Id like to think that Salim chose Sachin and me to be joint best men so that we could both be by his side on his conjoin day. But I really think that he only picked us for the wedding photos. Me, so hed look slimmer, and Sachin, so hed look taller. You see what I mean in a moment Sachen has been Salims oldest friend, and is an honorary Keshavjee and has a few words to say over to you Sachin

Scottsboro Trials Essays -- American History, Segregation

In the 1930s segregation was strongly enforced and lily-whites were superior to blacks. It didnt liaison whether you were poor or rich, if you were white you had more respect and trust than every(prenominal) black person did. So when white girls accuse blacks of raping them, something big is just about to happen. Trials that were meant to only take a few days, turned into months, and soon it became years. origin every last(predicate)y people knew it, something as simple as rape trials was altering the countries future. The Scottsboro Trials were conducted in a way that gave us long-lasting effects.Hoboes hitched rides on freight rate trains and did as they pleased during the 1930s (Carter 3). When the train pulled away from the target at Stevenson the station master was approached by a group of pale hoboes. The only white guy in the group was grasping the back of his head which appeared to be oozing with blood. The group claimed there had been a fight and the group of Negro s had throw them out of the train (Carter 4). When the station master got word out to capital of Mississippi County the sheriff gave the county deputy authority to deputize any man he could find. When the freight train came to a halt at the Jackson county station it took all but ten minutes to search it. When the investigation was complete their findings consisted of order colored Negro boys and two white women who were disguised as boys (Carter 5). When questioned, the boys claimed to swallow never seen each other before. After the deputy was done with the motion they were tied together in a line with a grow line. The nine boys were telling each other the outcome of this would be good. cherry-red Bates told the deputy that the nine Negro boys raped her and her girlfriend Victoria damage (Carter 6). When the nine Negro... ...erybodys right. When it comes to our criminal justice system, we are more erudite about our rights and how they should be conducted (Right Due To Pr ocess 112).These trials took place most 81 years ago. At the time of this event the world was different. racialism was a big part of how our country worked, and blacks really had no rights. It took seven years for the Scottsboro trials to begin and find an end. Little did the community k straight that during the trials (1930-1937) they were ever-changing the way we see things today. People still recall the events of the trials and even though we dont realize it, we live with the effects of the trials everyday. Blacks are now considered apart of our community and they all have the same rights as we do. If the Scottsboro Trials had been conducted any differently, blacks might not have all the same privileges as whites.

Zaha M. Hadid Essay -- Art Architecture Papers

Zaha M. Hadid Gravity-defying, fragmentary and revolutionary are a few of the words utilise to describe Zaha Hadids architectural designs. The Iraqi- born(p), capital of the United Kingdom-based architect has stirred up continual leaning with her designs that defy a label in the Modern vs. Post-Modern architectural debate. In the past 15 years, she has gone from unknown student to architectures new prima donna as the title of the January 1996 Architectural DigestUs profile suggested. Her work has been accepted as a significant contribution to architecture and her style is one that some other architects now emulate.These characteristics might serve to qualify her under Howard Gardners definition of creativity. The yeasty individual is a person who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions in a domain in a way that is initially considered refreshful but that ultimately becomes accepted in a particular ethnic setting. (Gardner 1993) Many issues that Ga rdner writes about in Creating Minds are relevant to a reciprocation of Hadids career. By examining her creativity in the visual/spatial intelligence, I willing attempt to conclude whether Gardners model of multiple intelligence is relevant to the menstruation era and domain of architecture in Zaha Hadids case.CHILDHOODZaha Hadid was raised in a liberal, open-minded family which allowed her to explore new ways of doing things and think critically. She was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950 to aristocratic parents. Hadids father played an important authority in her creative development. He exposed her to many different cultures turn always stressing the importance of her heritage. He demonstrated this through his studies at the London School of Economics and participation in the fight... ...). Architectures Only Diva. Harpers Bazaar 125, 337, 190-225Giovannini, Joseph. (1996). Architectures virgin Diva Makes an International Scene Architectural Digest 53,1, 26-35Goodbye Theory, he llo Practice (1997). Building Design Miller Freeman Publishing Company. 9/19/97, 20Gowan, James ed. (1975) A Continuing Experiment knowledge and Teaching at the Architectural Association London Architectural shoveHadid, Zaha M. (1995). Interview with Yoshio Futagawa. Global Architecture 03, 12-20Levene, Richard and Fernando Marquez Cecilia. Interview with Zaha Hadid. El Croquis 52Popham, Peter. (1996) A pattern Architect Zaha Hadids Radical Plan for the Cardiff Opera House has Brought her International Fame. Why, then, has it been jilted? The Independent (London). 2/11/96 Vine, Richard. (1995). Futuristic Baroque. Art in America 83, 7, 34-40

Making Moral Decisions: The Synergistic-Reflective-Equilibrium Model :: Philosophy

Making Moral Decisions The Synergistic-Reflective-Equilibrium ModelABSTRACT This treatise is a division towards the understanding of why humankind cannot agree on the foundation of pietism and why chaste pluralism is the logical constitution of honourable reality. The synergistic-reflective-equilibrium theoretical account is the model that will hound how persons can make moral decisions as pluralistic agents. If this model is correct, past it will not be a naked as a jaybird discovery, rather, it will be a new description of how pluralistic agents do in feature make moral decisions. This synergistic-reflective-equilibrium description should then be useful not only in giving a brimful understanding of how moral decisions ought to be made, but also how moral doctrine can be united into a pluralistic collective whole. The origin circumstances of this paper defines the synergistic-reflective-equilibrium mode. It briefly explains how it is a combination of both the possible action model of moral decision-making and the intuition model of moral decision-making. The second part of this paper defines mid-level principles and explains how they be a natural development of the synergistic-reflective-equilibrium method. It will then be sh admit that both grind and Kant used this method in their own moral theories. Lastly, it will be shown how weighing and balancing and specification are integral components in this model and were also practiced by Mill and Kant in their moral systems. IntroductionThis treatise is a contribution towards the understanding of why humankind cannot agree on the foundation of morality and why moral pluralism is the logical constitution of moral reality. The synergistic-reflective-equilibrium model is the model that will describe how persons can make moral decisions as pluralistic agents. If this model is correct, then it will not be a new discovery, rather, it will be a new description of how pluralistic agents do in fact make mo ral decisions. This synergistic-reflective-equilibrium description should then be useful not only in giving a fuller understanding of how moral decisions ought to be made, but also how moral philosophy can be united into a pluralistic collective whole.I. The Synergistic-Reflective-Equilibrium Model The synergistic-reflective-equilibrium model is the short letter in which the justification of what is right or wrong is done by using neither a double-dyed(a) theory model, nor a pure intuition model. The synergistic-reflective-equilibrium model is a back-and-forth serve wellstarting with particulars and going to the normal and back to the particulars and so on and so forth. This is a constant process that never really comes to closure as new decisions are unceasingly having to be made.

Christianity Essay -- essays research papers fc

Was the deliverymanian Savior the Messiah or is in that location an Alternate History? delivery boy Christ God damn it both are common phrases whispered to ones self or shouted clamorously to the masses by both believers and unbelievers. Day after day good deal turn to religion and God to find answers and to seek help with there problems or for other various reasons. People turn to religion to quiz and make sense of a world that can often bet too stressful and meaningless, to rise above however with faith it gives the exposure of meaning. It is said He can inspire souls and compel one to make in acts of justice and mercy in addition to promising ceaseless behavior with Him (Bahr vi). One can doubt the chances most believers know of the founding and history of there own religion. Christian believers accept Jesus Christ was the messiah yet, one can learn history suggests an alternant truth.The Christian savior, Jesus, was born(p) in Nazareth in the month of January. His m other was Mary, whose mother was Anna. On the bear of Jesus he was visited by three men from Persia on their office to Egypt. Upon the sight of the new born child the Persians gave Him gold and silver and gum myrrh and frankincense (Gibran 7). He grew up having a normal childhood life and was always a charitable person. In the words from the son of Zebedee, savet expounded close to of us call Him Jesus the Christ, and some the Word, and others call him the Nazarene, and ease others the son of man (Gibran 42). The time of His birth was during the same time as when Rome ruled the world. We know that He was born in the fulfilment of Emperor Augustus. Historians concluded that if He was born when Herod the Great reigned then Jesus would be restricted to being born in or precedent to 4 BC (Bahr 25). The majority of the scripture written involving Jesus altogether takes place during the last few years of his life with a bedcover of eighteen years. The bibles text describes graph ic accounts of Jesus interactions with people and miracles he performed to believers. Some of the miracles include healing the blind and healing the paralyzed. Not only did the Christian religion give believers a moral icon to praise but also provided them a set of rules in which to help govern their lives more(prenominal) peacefully. In addition to guidelines for a lifestyle, Christianity gave promises to a life of eternal delight with God in heaven. With all... ..., OK. 4 Apr. 2005 .Gibran, Kahlil. Jesus The Son of Man. hot York Alfred A Knopf, 1972.Haskins, Susan. Saint or Sinner? The Magdalene Myth. U.S. News and World field of study 25 27.Janzen, J. Gerald. Jesus as Messiah. The Christian degree centigrade 10 Aug. 1994 762 764. pedantic attempt Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib. 4 Apr. 2005 .Knox, Skip E.L. Medieval Europe azoic Popes. The Development of the Papacy. 25 Apr. 2005. 25 Apr. 2005 .Lewis, Bernard. Im Right, Youre Wrong, Go to Hell. The Atlantic May 2003 3 6+. SIRS Researcher. ProQuest Information and Learning. Putnam City North Lib, okeh City, OK. 4 Apr. 2005 .Lienhard, Joseph T. The First Battle for the Bible. Christian History & Biography 2003. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib. 4 Apr. 2005 .Muggeridge, Malcolm. Jesus The Man Who Lives. New York Harper & Row, 1975.Picknett, Lynn, and Clive Prince. A Feast for All Eyes. U.S. News and World Report 52.Starbird, Margaret. The Sacred Feminine. U.S. News and World Report 28.Wink, Walter. Messianic Complex. The Christian Century 18 May 1994 523. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib, okay City, OK. 4 Apr. 2005 .